1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Scope
Emulsions, basically Oil in water (O/W) emulsions are of huge importance and they are the basis or the major building blocks of many skin care products available like sun care, moisturization, anti-aging etc. Emulsions are formed by mixing two immiscible liquids by applying an external force. Normally there are two types of emulsions i.e. oil-in- water emulsions (o/w) and water-in-oil emulsions. The liquid with higher amount is the continuous phase while the liquid with smaller amount or the liquid which disperses out in the continuous phase is the dispersed phase. In our case, water is the continuous phase while oil is the dispersed phase.
This thesis basically concentrates on the spreading behavior of (a) oils and (b) emulsions on model surfaces. The oils used were chosen from oils typically used in cosmetics, either as emollient or as a delivery vehicle. In this part of study, we focus on the wetting behavior of low energy substrate: Teflon, which has been used as a model substrate for spreading of oils. Our study targets on identifying various parameters like concentration, viscosity and interfacial tension values for their roles in spreading.
1.2 Motivation and Research Objective
For achieving ample efficacy and customer efficacy of the cosmetic emulsion, spreading is an important property. Upon application of these products on skin, water evaporates out leaving behind the oil phase. The amount of spreading that happens from the left over oil phase decides the adequate efficacy of these products. The spreading phenomenon is also investigated due to its widespread and great scientific applications. However, nowadays the number of studies on spreading performed in the cosmetic domain ...
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...and their molecules goes and stick to the bulk molecules; as a result of which the average droplet size of the emulsions shift to larger value.
1.4.4 Coalescence
When there is a disturbance to the liquid film between the two or more droplets, they try to fuse together forming a bigger droplet. This process is known as coalescence. This result because of the fluctuation in surface films due to which the droplets comes closer to each other and also due to the strong Vander Waal’s force of attraction between droplets.
1.4.5 Phase Inversion
Phase inversion is the process in which particular oil-in- water emulsion can be converted to a water-in-oil emulsion over time. This results due to different arrangement of surfactant molecules at the interface. Increasing temperature and concentration of surfactant are some of the factors that promote phase inversion.
Makeup and skincare products are very important as a mile stone in our history, it also symbolizes the development of human civilization. Around 3000 BC, the Egyptian have had already discovered the every possible cosmetic products we are using today. The Ancient Egyptians were famous for their knowledge of beauty and their practice in cosmetic products. Until recent years the remains of their enormous palace, temples and monuments like the Pyramid attract archeologist and tourists alike. The Egyptians are well-renowned for their precision and techniques in the field applying methods that even modern day technologies wouldn’t be able to reproduce. Their pursue for perfection was not only contained in their monuments but also to the perfection of their self-appearances. The Egyptians were the first ancient culture that was recorded to apply and develop skim care and techniques. They had creams for stretch marks and to counter aging. They used oils to hydrolyze their skin and they had array of perfumes which all exemplify a well-developed civilization in terms of luxurious social culture. Their sense of beauty is deeply related to their religion. It is believes that presenting an attractive appearance is the best way to embrace the god and get closer to the god.
is reached between the surfactant monomers at the interface and those in the bulk, surfactants
Teflon is resistant to strong acids, bases, heat, and solvents, which contributes to its many applications1
Because of this, the review aims to contrast studies of both the positive and negatives of parabens to establish a generally accepted answer as to the safety of parabens in cosmetics; as part of that,
You have been asked to design an oral liquid formulation of ibuprofen for paediatric use.
For my film project, I will be exploring the film, Grease (Carr & Kleiser, 1978). This film is about an American teenage couple who fall in love over the summer, but unexpectedly reunite at high school. The girl, Sandy, must adapt to the social hierarchy of the public-school system since she is a new exchange student. Throughout the film, the couple tries to find their identity and test the social rules you find in high school romances, friends, and experiences. I chose this film because it is a classic movie, entertaining, and accurate representation of certain anthropological concepts. I think Grease (Carr & Kleiser, 1978) is a good movie to view from an anthropological perspective on many topics such as acculturation, ethnocentrism, and
With the molecules being spread out when they are hot, there are less of the molecules in one sample, when a sample is pulled. With fewer molecules in a certain area, this causes that area to weigh less (source 1). By weighing less, that mixture is able to move easier through different substances. For example, by the oil being heated and the food coloring being in the oil and water, the oil and food coloring are both able to “mingle” with each other (source 2). This contributes to the substance resembling “lava” in the lava lamp. The oil starts off being heavier than the water in the bottle, so when heat is added, the oil and water are able to move together in sync. With the water and the oil mixing with each other, the food coloring moves with the water and oil (source 2).
Therefore, oil and water do not mix. This is why Oil does not dissolve when you run water over it. How does the oil wash off your hands if the water isn¡¦t soluble with the oil? This is where soap comes in. While soaps head is attracted to water its tail is attracted to non-polar substances such as oil. When oil and grease etc. mix with oil it creates a slightly polar substance because of the head group. This makes the oil soluble with water allowing you to wash off your hands with water and rinse the grease off.
For the traditional oil painter, this technology affords an odorless medium that dries quickly and can be easily applied in an impasto manner. Cleanup is an effortless soap and water rinse, with no need for mineral spirits or alcohol. For those pensive artists who chew on their brush ends, the flavor of the oil paint and thinner will be missed.
This is an example of a soap molecule. The hydrocarbon end is non polar and hydrophilic (water hating) and the carboxylate end is polar and hydrophilic (water loving). This the property which allows it to clean, it acts as an emulsifying agent. The soap disperses in water to form miscelles where a negatively charged surface is formed and hydrocarbon chains are in the centre. These miscelles surround droplets of dirt or grease suspending them in the water so they can be washed away.
Melting takes place when a solid gets enough energy to melt. When it gets enough energy it is called the melting point. An example of melting would be snow turning into water. The reverse of the melting process is called freezing. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid ice when the molecules lose a lot of energy. When a solid goes to a gas and skips the liquid, sublimation occurs. The best example of sublimation would be dry ice. Deposition is when a gas goes directly to a solid without going through the liquid phase. An example of deposition is when water vaper turns to tiny crystals.
At present, cosmetics are always used in daily life. When we talk about cosmetics, most people will think of the things that only use for make-up such as lipstick, eye-shadow, mascara, blusher etc. But in fact cosmetics are not only mean to the things that only use for make-up but also shampoo, lotion or sunscreen. According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) explains “Articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise applied to the human body… for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance.” (2014) The reason why people use makeups have different ways such as some people use for more confidence, some people use for protect the sunlight, and some people use for maintain their skin. However, there are a lot of people still worry about using the cosmetics since they believe that cosmetics are contained the dangerous chemicals that damage their body so they afraid of using them and try to avoid to use them. Although many people will be concerned that applying cosmetics may destroy their health, in fact, many experts have been confirmed that the use of cosmetic is not harmful to the human’s body. Moreover, cosmetics are also useful for users.
The Scott's emulsion is made up of a cod liver oil range of emulsions rich in natural sources of vitamin A and D, calcium, phosphorus and omega 3. (GlaxoSmithKlein, 2014)The emulsion helps enhance and maintain the body's natural resistance to variable infections and develop strong bones and teeth. Therefore, it satisfies those achievers who look forward to well-established and prestige products that will demonstrate success. Besides, consumers who are goal oriented and are committed to their family members and career would prefer reliable and trustworthy brand for their health
Mistine is still the number one cosmetic in Thailand and provides more than 6,000 products, which are divided into 5 groups (Mistine Cosmetics, n.d.). Mistine offers Body Care, Personal Care, Make Up, Fragrance, and Skin Care (Mistine Cosmetics, n.d.). All of their products are certified and produced through quality manufacturers (Mistine Cosmetics, n.d.). The distributor, Better Way Company, feels that because of its acceptance throughout the Thai market Mistine can become “number one in the heart of worldwide cosmetics users” (Mistine Cosmetics, n.d.). Better Way recently built a new “state-of –the-art” distribution center (Mistine Cosmetics, n.d.). It is being considered “one of the most advanced technological systems in South East Asia” (Mistine Cosmetics, n.d.).
It is the time required for a particular volume of oil to separate out in distinct layer from an equal volume of condensed steam under standard conditions. Good lubricating oil should form an emulsion that breaks off easily i.e. should have less steam EN.