Chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) is a wastewater treatment method that provides as smart alternative to the conventional primary treatment. It can also be used as a proficient preliminary step of the biological secondary treatment processes. CEPT embraces coagulation and flocculation, and it accomplishes remarkable increases in the pollutants removal from the influent (Ødegaard, 1989; Rashed et al., 1997; Ayoub et al., 2013; Rashed et al., 2013a; Rashed et al., 2013b). Chemical precipitation is the technique of CEPT process, the main idea of chemical precipitation that it converts soluble substances to insoluble particles, which can be flocculated and separated from the liquid. Removal efficiencies depend on mixing times, mixing …show more content…
In comparison, well designed and operated primary settling tanks without addition of coagulants may remove between 50-70% of TSS, 25-40% of BOD5 and 5-10% of phosphorus (Rashed et al., 1997; Metcalf & Eddy, 2003; Mahvi et al., 2005; Sarparastzadeh et al., 2007; Rashed et al., 2013b; Barbosa et al., 2016; Barghpeyma and Farahbod, 2016).The main problem of CEPT is the chemicals costs, which considered to be an additional burden on the operating costs of wastewater treatment (Xu et al., 2009). On the other hand, water treatment sludge contains a significant amount of coagulant when it can be recovered to be more economical for CEPT as well as safe disposal of water treatment sludge (Rashed et al., 1997; Xu et al., 2009; Evuti and Lawal, 2011; Allerdings et al., 2015; Roccaro et al., 2015; Ayoub and Abdelfattah, …show more content…
(2007) proved that recovered coagulant is very effective in removing COD from municipal wastewater treatment plant by about 66.8% and phosphorus removal rate reaches to 98.9% and a slight total nitrogen removal about 29.9%. On the other hand, Xu et al. (2009) investigated effect of the recovered alum from water treatment sludge in CEPT of sewage as a coagulant. The obtained results reveal that pollutants removal efficiencies form CEPT using the recovered alum are similar to that of the fresh alum. Removal efficiencies of COD and turbidity reach up to 53% and 96% respectively with the recovered
Hydrochloric acid is the clear colourless solutions of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in water, hydrochloric acid is also a highly corrosive substance and a strong mineral acid meaning they are formed from inorganic compounds, hydrochloric acid is a monoprotic acid meaning that it can only ionize one H+ ion. As a result hydrochloric acid can be used in a wide range of industrial practices such as removing rust from steel, ore processing, the production of corn syrup and making of PVC plastics. Hydrochloric acid is made using a very straight forward method which involves dissolving hydrogen chloride (HCl) in water, releasing the H+ cation and Cl- anion. In this aqueous form the H+ ion joins water to form a hydronium ion (H3O+)
Lamisil, which is chemically terbinafine hydrochloride, is the premier antifungal drug on the market. It effectively destroys fungal problems ranging from athlete’s foot to onychomycosis. However, Lamisil has a number of problems associated with it, including cost, side effects, and even effectiveness. Therefore, I created two analogs in an attempt to improve Lamisil, which I will discuss in my paper.
Hydrochloric acid is a strong and corrosive acid that is often used as a reagent in laboratories.
Disinfection is applied in water as well as wastewater treatment as a finishing step so as to destroy pathogens but the cause of concern regarding the disinfection process is the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Natural organic matter (NOM) in water has been considered as the predominant DBP precursors. Disinfectants are powerful oxidants that oxidize the organic matter present in water forming DBPs. Chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide, and chloramines are the most common disinfectants used nowadays and each produces its own suite of chemical DBPs in finished drinking water (Richardson, 2003). DBPs so formed pose a threat to human health because of their potential to cause cancer and reproductive/developmental effects. Most developed nations have regulated concentration of DBPs so as to minimize exposure to potentially harmful DBPs while maintaining adequate disinfection and control of targeted
Stephenson, R., & Blackburn, J. J. (1998). The Industrial Wastewater Systems Handbook. New York: Lewis Publishers.
“We believe nature has the power to make life beautiful-to nourish, soothe and even transform.” This is quoted from Aveeno’s mission statement telling its audience they believe in using natural ingredients to ensure natural beauty. Aveeno is mainly targeted to women especially those with skin disorders and hair deficiencies such as eczema and other dermatological issues, to improve their skin to becoming more healthy. Their products were established in 1945, up to the present time it has evolved a lot including the company rebranding of their name to Aveeno Active Naturals. The rebranding of their name contradicts the negative impact they have had on the environment over the years,
The consumer will be discharge once she has had treatment plan, psych evaluation and has been given medications. The consumer will address with her concern regarding being unemployed and homeless with her treatment team at Western Wayne Behavioral Health. The consumer will also follow up with her treatment team once a month for medication review and seeing her therapist/case manager as needed. The consumer will also stay in compliance with taking her medication as prescribed by psych
There are several different levels of purification, so the water can be reused for diverse purposes. Through only low levels of purifications treatments water can be reused for landscape, golf courses, and agricultural purposes. After intensive processing waste water can be used to supplement our drinking water supply. At the beginning this process the water is filtered to remove any large pieces in the water. Following that the water is then allowed to sit to and let small items sink to the bottom. For the items in the water that were not filtered out, or were able to sink are filtered out through the use of chemical reactions. The chemical processes used are called flocculation and coagulation. This process is used to clump together the particles that were to light to sink on their own. Some common compounds that are used to carry out these processes are aluminum sulfate, poly-aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, and ferric sulfate. During this process the chemical compounds react with the ions in the water to create precipitates; when the precipitate forms it will gather all of the particles in the water that were not able to sink on their own, and then both of the materials will settle to the bottom of the
Due to the Water Pollution Control Act of 1970, there are stringent standards that need to be considered when depositing wastewater from the process. It was not possible to show the path that the wastewater would take after leaving the system, however, the pollution standards were considered. The water that was produced in the reaction were present in streams with other components such as CO2, butadiene, and maleic anhydride. Due to this exposure, the separated water will be sent to a waste water treatment plant where it will undergo many steps to ensure that the pollutants have been properly removed (Plant Design Book
There are several types of treatment methods present but biological treatment methods have gained much traction in the recent years due to their low operation costs, comparatively benign effects on the environment and their ease of handling and maintenance. Biological wastewater treatment methods can be subcategorized into dispersed growth systems and attached growth systems. Biofilms fall under the latter category (Sehar & Naz, 2016)
Phase one in process of waste water treatment begins in the home, local businesses and community. Waste water from these buildings and surrounding areas travel through a pipe, or sewer which is sloped downward, and with the assistance of gravity, travels toward the waste water treatment plant. However, in larger communities or communities with unevenly leveled terrain, waste water cannot keep getting deeper to rely on gravity to transport the waste water and must pumped up by the assistance of a lift station so it may continue to travel to the water treatment plant. Once the waste water arrives at the waste water treatment plant, the first step is the removal of large debris such as diapers, underwear or other non-biological...
Pharmaceutical waste seems to be one of the dominant elements that are prevalent in our waters, and other aspects of the environment. These aforementioned elements are largely becoming a concern in today’s society because its effects have proven to be harmful towards our environment, and all of its existing forms of life. Through various ways, whether controllable or uncontrollable, pharmaceutical waste slowly and increasingly multiplies its presence within the environment. Additionally, it eventually trickles down into our waterways and causes a large array of damages. Some of the most common ways that this waste gets into the water includes: disposal through the drainage systems, farming fertilization methods and the maintenance of treatment plants. These methods are self-explanatory through their brief discussions, but it helps decipher whether the disposal of these dangerous wastes are intentional or not.
What exactly is a chemical engineer? Many would say that it is simply a "chemist who builds things" or an "engineer who makes chemicals. However, neither of these statements is completely true. The term "chemical engineer" is not meant to actually describe what it is a chemical engineer does, but to describe what sets it apart from the other branches of engineering: civil, mechanical, and electrical. On average, chemical engineers are numerically the smallest but also the highest paid. It is not a profession the must dwell on the past for comfort and support, for its greatest accomplishments are still yet to come.
Improvement and upgrading of wastewater treatment processes and also the need to reduce the environmental factors make the use of tertiary wastewater treatment important.
Water plays such an important role in our daily lives. 70% of our body is composed of water. 70% of the earth surface is also made up of water, but out of the 70%, only 1/3 of water is consumable. In fact, this amount has been continuously to decrease as more and more industries began to pollute and damage the water. For example, many toxic chemicals may be released into the water thus making the water impure. Such pollutions and damages lead the water to be contaminated and inconsumable as it may cause severe diseases. Water purification can remove all the unnecessary bacteria and viruses from the water that is hazardous for our health. Water purification may also improve the flavor and appearance of water. It removes the unpleasant odor. Therefore, water purification became one of the most useful and popular process used by people all over the world today. It is by far the most recommended and safest water treatment that is commonly used to purify damaged water into consumable water. Water purification provides us with safe, pure and clean water to consume and use.