Topic C – Malaria In “The Problem of Global Justice”, author Thomas Nagel establishes that there are various moral responsibilities nations within the international community have toward one another. He does this by claiming “the duties governing relations among peoples include not only nonaggression and fidelity to treaties, but also some developmental assistance to ‘peoples living under unfavorable conditions that prevent their having a just or decent political and social regime,’” (Nagel 124). Following from this premise, I will briefly explain why malaria is a significant public health issue that inherently constrains poorer nations to unfavorable conditions. After explaining this, I will then argue that wealthier nations have moral obligations based upon justice, cosmopolitan ideologies and moderate statist ideologies to help facilitate in the eradication of malaria globally. Malaria is a deadly disease that is transmitted to humans via bites from infected female mosquitos carrying malaria parasites. People who develop the disease often become “very sick with high fever, shaking chills, and flu-like symptoms” (CDC). According to National Geographic, "malaria now affects more people than ever before. It's endemic to 106 nations, threatening half the world's population…This year malaria will strike up to a half billion people. At least a million will die, most of them under age five, the vast majority living in Africa,” (National Geographic). The high concentration of malaria-afflicted citizens in Africa can be attributed to the conducive climate for mosquitos, the sheer number of mosquitos, and most importantly, the inability for many countries to sustain enough anti-malarial resources, medical care, and preventative measu... ... middle of paper ... ...enters for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 10 Dec. 2012. Web. 6 Dec. 2013. Feachem, R., & Sabot, O. (2008). A new global malaria eradication strategy. The Lancet, 371(9624), 1633-5. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/199022644?accountid=13567 Finkel, Michael. "Malaria." National Geographic Magazine. National Geographic, July 2007. Web. 5 Dec. 2013. Freeman, Samuel, Freeman,. "Original Position." Stanford University. Stanford University, 27 Feb. 1996. Web. 7 Dec. 2013. Joseph Millum, “Global Bioethics and Political Theory,” in Global Justice and Bioethics, ed. Joseph Millum and Ezekiel Emanuel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 17-42 "Malaria: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 10 Dec. 2012. Web. 6 Dec. 2013.
The story of drug-resistant malaria in Cambodia is significant because people in other countries could be affected and must be aware of the fact that it is becoming immune to the most powerful drugs used to fight it. So many people have died from this deadly disease and so many are dying from it already, so many more are at risk and they must be aware.
Plasmodium Falciparum is the causative parasite of malignant malaria, it is the most deadly strain of the malaria viruses. P. Falciparum is a eukaryotic protozoan parasite that is spread through vector transmission using mosquitoes. The Anopheles mosquito family accounts for the majority of transmission because of their tendency to target humans (WHO, 2014). Malaria accounts for approximately five hundred thousand deaths each year in environments such as sub-Saharan Africa and other temperate areas where the life cycle of the mosquito is longer allowing the parasite to develop properly (WHO, 2014). Malaria usually infects children in these areas but also commonly spreads to travellers to these areas.
For several years, I have had an interest in virology and the spread and characteristics of various infectious diseases. Though it makes sense not to possibly induce a state of panic by informing individuals of illnesses that are not native to the area they live in and that they are not likely to contract, I have always liked to remain informed out of my own curiosity and interest. Thus, I have decided to write about malaria.
Combining the large amount of people mobilizing to the Sahel for development and its increase of temperature and humidity within the atmosphere, the lack of exposure the Sahel has to the disease serves well to a future outbreak (Ermert el. al., 2012). This coincides with what the World Health Organization has said, stating, “Malaria epidemics can occur when climate and other conditions suddenly favor transmission in areas where people have little or no immunity to malaria” (World Health Organization, 2014). Therefore, if the study done by Ermert el. al. (2014) stays true to its predications, the Sahel region may experience a great deal of infection. Image 1 below shows the integrated weather-disease model of infectious bites per human per year that Ermert el. al. (2012) makes using regional climate models. The Sahel begins to show a large amount of malaria cases throughout the region. Consequently, this only increases the needs states have for possible recommendations that may combat this phenomenon of climate
Malaria is a disease that is caused by parasites. It is transferred from one person to another by the infected female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria has been a serious health problem nowadays. WHO has provided the information that approximately 660,000 people died from malaria globally during 2010. Also, after estimating, there are 219 million cases of malaria infection in 2010 worldwide. In sub-Saharan Africa, being one the country that has the high rate of HIV, AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis, had 90% of the people that...
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that: In 2010 alone there were an estimated 219 million cases of malaria and approximately 660.000 deaths. Most of the deaths occurred amongst children under the age of 5. There are currently (+ -) 104 malaria-endemic countries and approximately half the world’s population is at risk for infection, worldwide. These figures make malaria the leading cause of
Malaria kills over 3000 children ever-single day 12. This statistic illustrates the tragic outcome that is associated with this devastating disease. In the United States, we fail to completely understand the gravity of Malaria because it is not relevant in our daily lives. The same cannot be said of other nations around the world that are still considered high-risk areas. Sub-Saharan Africa is widely known to bears the greatest mortality rate at the hands of this fatal infection 12. Despite constant efforts to fight malaria, several economic, social, and biological factors have hindered its eradication.
Malaria (also called biduoterian fever, blackwater fever, falciparum malaria, plasmodium, Quartan malaria, and tertian malaria) is one of the most infectious and most common diseases in the world. This serious, sometimes-fatal disease is caused by a parasite that is carried by a certain species of mosquito called the Anopheles. It claims more lives every year than any other transmissible disease except tuberculosis. Every year, five hundred million adults and children (around nine percent of the world’s population) contract the disease and of these, one hundred million people die. Children are more susceptible to the disease than adults, and in Africa, where ninety percent of the world’s cases occur and where eighty percent of the cases are treated at home, one in twenty children die of the disease before they reach the age of five. Pregnant women are also more vulnerable to disease and in certain parts of Africa, they are four times as likely to contract the disease and only half as likely to survive it.
Malaria: a deadly disease if left untreated that is carried by mosquitos and transmitted to humans, causing them to have a fever and chills. This parasitic disease is the cause of over 780,000 deaths and 225 million acute illnesses in 2010. 80% of these deaths are children under the age of five, and most of these deaths were in sub-Saharan Africa. Other than Africa, this disease is very prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries.
This dangerous disease should be recognized as a threat and menace, so the oblivious should become aware of all the deaths caused in a year by malaria. To sum it all up, malaria is caused by parasite-infected mosquitoes, signs of malaria are basically changes in temperature from colds to fevers, it is diagnosed by extinguishable malaria parasites in the blood and treatment is determined by the severity of the disease, the outcome is usually complete recovery and in some cases, death is the only way out, and preventing malaria is all about preventing mosquitoes Again, malaria is a disastrous disease, one you don’t want to get; one that no one wants to get. Malaria is a disease worth knowing about, because it has killed an immense amount of people.
Available: http://www.medicalecology.org/diseases/malaria/malaria.htm. Last accessed 16th Jan 2014. NHS. The. (2009). The 'Standard' of the 'Standard'.
The WHO reported that there was a seventeen percent of globally declining in malaria incidence between the year of 2000 and 2010, which was significantly lower than the proposed target of fifty percent rate (WHO, 2012). This statistical data reveals that many hurdles remain to overcome. However, an encouraging reduction of 33% in the malaria-specific mortality rate has observed in the African region. The RBM (Roll Back Malaria) initiative foresees the need for continuation of malaria control efforts until global malaria eradication can be obtainable in the long-term. However reaching the RBM goal will necessitate an increase in funding resources, a marked economic progress in countries with extreme poverty, and the maintenance or increase of the long-lasting insecticide-treated net coverage. (WHO,
...at researchers are doing to try to eradicate malaria in underdeveloped countries such as Africa.
Better aid? More aid? With the latter part of the 20th century bringing significant changes about the infectious disease, malaria, the treatment, has led to the WHO response. World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a global technical plan for malaria between the years 2016-2030. This global technical strategy for malaria provides a framework for all countries contaminated with this infectious disease. The WHO intends for this plan to guide and support regional and programmes as they work towards malaria control and elimination. The strategy sets an ambitious, but achievable goal including; reducing malaria case incidence by at least 90% by 2030, reducing malaria mortality rates by at least 90% by 2030, eliminating malaria in at least 35 countries by 2030 and prevent a resurgence of malaria in all countries that are malaria-free (Fact Sheet about Malaria). The WHO Global Malaria Programme (GMP) coordinates WHO's global efforts to control and eliminate malaria by; setting, communicating and promoting the adoption of evidence-based norms, standards, policies, technical strategies, and guidelines, keeping independent score of global progress, developing approaches for capacity building, systems strengthening, and surveillance and identifying threats to malaria control and elimination as well as new areas for action(Fact Sheet about
Malaria is a vector-borne disease that is spread by the bite of a mosquito. According to National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (2014) “In 2013, 97 countries had ongoing malaria transmission, placing 3.4 billion people at risk for the disease. And in a globally connected world, even people living in the United States can be at risk. In 2011, nearly 2,000 people in this country were diagnosed with malaria—the highest number since 1971” (para. 2). Malaria is a disease that affects humans as well as animals. The mosquito transferring a parasite through a bite to the host; human or animal spreads this disease. M...