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Treatment for antibiotic resistance
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Acquired Drug Resistance for Malaria and Tuberculosis
There are many serious health problems and diseases going on around the world right now. Several examples that we can give are: AIDS, HIVS, tuberculosis, and malaria. Many treatments are medicines were used to treat all these kinds of diseases, but then, many kinds of drug resistances slowly appeared.
What is Drug Resistance?
First, we are going to talk about what does drug resistance exactly means. Drug resistance is when the effectiveness of the medicine that has been used to treat the infection is reduced. According to the WHO (World health organization), drug resistance occurs when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change into different ways in order to render the medications that were used to cure infections that they have caused and make it ineffective. Drug resistance has been a major health problem since the 1990’s (1), because of the occurring of different kinds of drug resistance, it makes it even harder to treat all the different kinds of infections or microorganisms. Thus, because of drug resistances it makes it even harder to find new treatments to cure diseases and infections.
Introduction to Malaria and Tuberculosis
Malaria is a disease that is caused by parasites. It is transferred from one person to another by the infected female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria has been a serious health problem nowadays. WHO has provided the information that approximately 660,000 people died from malaria globally during 2010. Also, after estimating, there are 219 million cases of malaria infection in 2010 worldwide. In sub-Saharan Africa, being one the country that has the high rate of HIV, AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis, had 90% of the people that...
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...will eat the lung tissue. Every year, less than 1.7 million people would die from tuberculosis, from this statistic, we can actually see that tuberculosis is actually a serious issue that is going around the world right now (4).
Both malaria and tuberculosis are the most common infectious disease in countries like Africa and India. Two of these infectious diseases were being treated by different kinds of medicine, but then when both of them would have drug resistance towards the first-line medicine that were used to treat them, it would cause more problems. One may wonder why would there be drug resistance if the drug is used correctly; the reason on why drug resistant may occur would be because there were inappropriate uses of antimicrobial agents(4). So then, because of the drug resistance that both of this disease contain, finding a treatment wasn't very easy.
Tuberculosis is a contagious airborne disease that affects the lungs of humans and some animals i.e. cattle. If tuberculosis is left untreated and allowed to spread, it can then also affect the brain, kidneys, spine or other organ systems. As tuberculosis strikes the lungs a hole can develop which can cause an accumulation of air or fluid between the chest wall and lungs. This causes one of many tuberculosis symptoms: chest pain, and shortness of breath. (See fig.2) Infections can erode a blood vessel and the patient can bleed to death, or they can slowly suffocate as lungs become filled with tubercles.4
After diagnosing which form is in the body, treatment and therapy can begin. After the test, an infected person should inform the health-care provider with information about other people that might be infected. This will help control the spread of Tuberculosis (CDC, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports). Treatment for the infected person means continual drug therapy.
Malaria is a common infectious disease found mainly in the tropics but in rare circumstances can be found in temperate areas. Depending on the circumstances malaria can be either life threatening cause serious illness.
My hypothesis on Tuberculosis is that it is a very deadly disease that causes a persons lungs to fill with blood. This can harm the body by making the body suffocate itself when the lungs fill with blood.
According to the World Health Organization, 1.5 million people died from TB in 2013. (WHO, 2014). CDC report that “In the United States, 536 people died from tuberculosis in 2011” (CDC, 2013).
Antibiotic resistant strains of M. tuberculosis can hinder treatment by activating and multiplying the M. tuberculosis which will then cause a TB disease.
Antibiotics are powerful substances which are capable of inhibiting bacterial growth. Antibiotics can be consumed from any part of the body. Essentially there are two different types of antibiotics which perform different operations to the body. (Medical News, 1) The first discovered type is bactericidal, which not only inhibits but initially eliminates the bacterial or microbial organisms, this is done through exterminating the bacterium cell wall which furthermore erupts and causes the bacteria to be killed. The second type is bacteriostatic, as the name states. It aids to inhibit and limit bacterial growth. The antibiotic stops bacterial growth through stopping the process of protein synthesis, or bacterial reproduction. It is consumed to stop the growth of a microorganism permanently or temporarily. (Scientific American, 3) Patients consume antibiotics through the mouth. Antibiotics can also be directly injected into the body. Others can be applied on the infected area of the body, and physically cured or eliminated. (Medical News, 1)
Throughout history disease has run rampant taking many lives with every passing day. Finding a cure or even just a tool in the battle has been the main focus of scientist throughout time. This focus is what brought us the discovery of antibiotics. Over the years antibiotics have been misused by patients, over prescribed by physicians and have led to resistant strains of bacteria.
Antibiotic resistance is the ability of bacteria to resist on effects of antibiotic (which is very dangerous). This happens when bacteria eliminates the effectiveness of antibiotics. This gives time for the bacteria to multiply causing more harm. This can easily spread to your family member, co-workers, friends, and any other people you see
Antibiotic resistance is a consequence of the misuse of antibiotics that give pathogenic bacteria the ability to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. Resistance occurs when bacteria change in such a way that they survive exposure to antibiotics. Resistance may not be confined to a single antibiotic, but may affect multiple antimicrobial classes. Antibiotic resistance is a major problem and everyone needs to work together to combat it - from medical practitioners to patients.
Bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics is a major problem not only for the United States, but worldwide. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) the cause is related to “widespread overuse, as well as inappropriate use, of antibiotics that is fueling antibiotic resistance”. According to World Health Organization (2013) resistance is a global concern for several reasons; it impedes the control of infectious diseases, increases healthcare costs, and the death rate for patients with resistant bacterial infections is twice of those with non-resistant bacterial infections.
This turn of events presents us with an alarming problem. Strains of bacteria that are resistant to all prescribed antibiotics are beginning to appear. As a result, diseases such as tuberculosis and penicillin-resistant gonorrhea are reemerging on a worldwide scale (1). Resistance first appears in a population of bacteria through conditions that favor its selection. When an antibiotic attacks a group of bacteria, cells that are highly susceptible to the medicine will die.
Malaria (also called biduoterian fever, blackwater fever, falciparum malaria, plasmodium, Quartan malaria, and tertian malaria) is one of the most infectious and most common diseases in the world. This serious, sometimes-fatal disease is caused by a parasite that is carried by a certain species of mosquito called the Anopheles. It claims more lives every year than any other transmissible disease except tuberculosis. Every year, five hundred million adults and children (around nine percent of the world’s population) contract the disease and of these, one hundred million people die. Children are more susceptible to the disease than adults, and in Africa, where ninety percent of the world’s cases occur and where eighty percent of the cases are treated at home, one in twenty children die of the disease before they reach the age of five. Pregnant women are also more vulnerable to disease and in certain parts of Africa, they are four times as likely to contract the disease and only half as likely to survive it.
The most effective way to combat pathogenic bacteria which invade the body is the use of antibiotics. Overexposure to antibiotics can easily lead to resistant strains of bacteria. Resistance is dangerous because bacteria can easily spread from person to person. Simple methods for preventing excessive bacterial spread are often overlooked. Not all preventative measures are even adequate. Doctors and patients often use antibiotics unnecessarily or incorrectly, leading to greater resistance. Antibiotics are used heavily in livestock and this excessive antibiotic use can create resistant bacteria and transfer them to humans. In order to reduce resistant bacteria,
...at researchers are doing to try to eradicate malaria in underdeveloped countries such as Africa.