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Challenges being faced by malaria prevention
Bumedinst 6230.16, Malaria Prevention And Control
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Malaria (also called biduoterian fever, blackwater fever, falciparum malaria, plasmodium, Quartan malaria, and tertian malaria) is one of the most infectious and most common diseases in the world. This serious, sometimes-fatal disease is caused by a parasite that is carried by a certain species of mosquito called the Anopheles. It claims more lives every year than any other transmissible disease except tuberculosis. Every year, five hundred million adults and children (around nine percent of the world’s population) contract the disease and of these, one hundred million people die. Children are more susceptible to the disease than adults, and in Africa, where ninety percent of the world’s cases occur and where eighty percent of the cases are treated at home, one in twenty children die of the disease before they reach the age of five. Pregnant women are also more vulnerable to disease and in certain parts of Africa, they are four times as likely to contract the disease and only half as likely to survive it.
The most common sites of malaria-carrying mosquitoes is in tropical and subtropical areas with warm climates. Also, there must be a source of water, such as a lake, ocean, or stream, because this is where the mosquitoes breed. While Africa is the site of most malaria cases, there are a few other countries that account for some of the malaria cases. In fact, in 1990, seventy-five percent of all recorded malaria cases outside Africa were condensed in nine countries, which were India, Brazil, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Indonesia, and China. There was once a small malaria epidemic in the United States. It occurred mainly in Army families. This was because U.S. troops in other countries were not on the proper medication, contracted the disease, and brought it back to the United States.
Malaria in humans is caused by four species of protozoa, sophisticated one-celled organisms, that can infect red blood cells. These four species are called Plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax, plasmodium malariae, and plasmodium ovale. The worst cases are caused by the Plasmodium falciparum species, which is also the species with the most resistance to drugs. To contract malaria, a mosquito, but not just any mosquito must bite a human. The only type of mosquito that can infect humans with the malaria virus is the Anopheles mosquito. While there are...
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...cceptable consequence to keeping hundreds of human lives.
Currently, there are a few different research projects dealing with malaria. For example, Dr. D. Lalloo is working on a project investing the effects of malaria in adolescents. Professor D. H. Molyneux is doing a research project on the effects of malaria on the HIV virus. Professor M. E. Molyneux is working on a project looking at diseases connected with malaria. There are also many other research projects investigating other aspects of malaria, such as a vaccine for this deadly disease.
While malaria is a curable disease if noticed early enough, there are still hundreds and hundreds of deaths due to malaria every year. This is because not everyone has access to the medicines that can be used to prevent this awful disease. In the last couple of years, a lot of progress has been made in developing a cure or vaccine for malaria. Hopefully, one will be developed within the next few years.
Works Cited
World Book Millenium 2000, pages 95-96
The New Complete Medical and Health Encyclopedia Volume Two, pages 591-593
Encyclopedia of Family Health, pages 993-996
www.malaria.org www.cdc.gov www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/224/Malaria.html
Dr. Sharon Moalem and Jonathan Prince’s book, Survival of the Sickest, points out the fact that diseases do not always need to be cured infact beneficial mutations is how we evolve. Although the book mainly discusses how diseases evolve humans, Moalem and Prince do discuss how we, humans shape diseases. By the simple acts of getting and giving mosquito netting, one forces the malaria virus to find a new perhaps less malicious path to survival and reproduction one that may not cure the malaria virus but may make not fatal, similar to the common
... develop resistance. This means that this disease will most likely be around for a long period of time, as the drugs developed will eventually become useless. Resistance to malaria drugs is a natural consequence of widespread use of the drug. This means that the drugs should not be used often, but if it spreads, they will have to be used more. To protect against this, the global authorities are trying to assure that the best drug used to fight it is only sold as a combination pill with other anti-malaria medicines.
In the beginning of both of the pieces of literature, the main character(s) have not had the experience that will shape their values yet. Rather, as time moves forward in the stories, the
Malaria is a common infectious disease found mainly in the tropics but in rare circumstances can be found in temperate areas. Depending on the circumstances malaria can be either life threatening cause serious illness.
Although the Columbian Exchange allowed for the beneficial exchange of cultures, ideas, foods, and animals around the world during the 1450-1750 time period, it also had a dark side. One detrimental result of the Columbian Exchange would be the spreading of smallpox from Europe to the New World.
For several years, I have had an interest in virology and the spread and characteristics of various infectious diseases. Though it makes sense not to possibly induce a state of panic by informing individuals of illnesses that are not native to the area they live in and that they are not likely to contract, I have always liked to remain informed out of my own curiosity and interest. Thus, I have decided to write about malaria.
In likeness to Aids, the malaria virus can be in your body for up to
Since yellow fever is carried by mosquitoes, it is most often found in areas such as Central America, the northern half of South America, and Central Africa where mosquitoes are abundant. The reason why it is found so often in these regions is because they are very close to the equatorial line, and are there for hot, moist, tropical environs. Yellow fever is also found in other areas besides the ones listed above. It can also be carried throughout South America and all of Africa. Even though it can be carried to these places, it is more often than not confined to areas surrounding the equator because mosquitoes have short life spans and yellow fever can be contracted and spread all year long in these tropical regions.
Even with this breakthrough discovery, it was not until after World War II that serious action plans were implemented. On the global scale, a global eradication program was started in 1955 by the World Health Organization, also stated in the “Malaria: The Persistence of Disease” article previously mentioned. The program was not a full success, since areas like Africa remained a prominent issue to tackle. This program was also not a total failure, since a majority of continents had seen the effects of malaria minimized. At a more local level, the Communicable Disease Center was established in Atlanta in 1946 with its top priority being the complete elimination of malaria from southern states. In only five years, this mission became a reality. According to the article from TheScientist, drainage of swamps, managing mosquito breeding and increased usage of pesticides were main reasons for such immediate
The dynamic and complex nature of the world is, in part, owed to the plethora of diverse cultures and societies throughout the span of humanity. Cultural Relativism, is a concept that admonishes judgement against these cultures from an outside perspective, and requires that a society’s traditions, beliefs, and practices be viewed within cultural context. While Cultural Relativism is a core concept rooted within anthropology, there is recent opposition against the concept regarding controversial practices or rites of passages such as female genital mutilation.
Malaria is very common in tropical and subtropical areas that are around the equator, which is a reason why it is very widespread in latin america. Malaria is a disease spread by mosquitoes that can be felt in as soon as 10 days. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that in 2012 that there was a recorded 207 million cases around the world. In this essay you will learn about where and how bad Malaria is in Latin america, about Malaria itself, and the symptoms of malaria and ways to prevent it.
Depending on the number of parasites and the type of parasites, the type of malaria can now be determined. Antimalarials with specific infectivity suppressive action such as derivatives of artemisinin and primaquine can be prescribed to reduce malaria transmission at all intensities. For falciparum malaria, which is very lethal, the patient should be referred to a larger facility for aggressive therapy as well as parenteral antimalarials or quinine derivative malaria drugs and supportive care (Bloland & Williams, 2003, p. 57).
The disease, cholera, is an infection of the intestines, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. As stated in Microbes and Infections of the Gut, the bacterium is “a Gram-negative, comma- shaped, highly motile organism with a single terminal flagellum” (105). Cholera is characterized by the most significant symptom that presents with the disease, diarrhea, and victims can lose up to twenty liters of body fluids in a day. Cholera can be a serious disease, due to the serious dehydration that can occur, but it is only fatal if treatment is not administered as soon as possible. This research paper includes information on the causes of cholera, symptoms, ways of treatment, studies of treatments, complications that may occur, the tests and diagnosis for cholera, and finally, the ways the cholera bacterium may be transmitted.
...at researchers are doing to try to eradicate malaria in underdeveloped countries such as Africa.
Malaria is the main cause of illness and death in Papua new Guinea. There were more than 70000 cases reported in 2003. Additionally Papua New Guinea has the highest amount of HIV and AIDS in the Pacific region. The main reason for this is the lack of awareness about the HIV virus in rural areas. In Papua new Guinea there are seven doctors per 100000 people. ...