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Earthquakes and their effects
The consequences of earthquakes
Earthquakes causes and effects
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Earthquake is a frequent phenomenon in areas called ‘earthquake zones.’ Earthquake creates numerous kinds of effects such as loss life and damage of property depending upon its magnitude. Earthquake can make damage from small to large impact on communities. As some consequences of the earthquake, there is secondary effects like fire, water supply problem, electricity, transportation, and communication disruption (Gaurav Kaushik, 2013). Manmade infrastructures are playing an important consideration during earthquake devastations. Those man-made infrastructures should be carefully well-designed and well-constructed to prevent earthquake damages. By properly constructing partition wall, staircase, chimney and also well-installing water supply …show more content…
As the effects of moving ground motions, the building structure starts to vibrate and induce inertia forces on them. Therefore, the structure of that zone needs to be suitably designed and provide specific details to stability and safety. A building failure can occur when the building has no strong joint components like walls, roofs, beam or column. As a consequence, the building move independently with their own directions and movements thus, it can result in separation of a building. The building also need to consider about the stiffness and stability.
To survive those factors, the building design should be following these rules.
The structure of the building has to be uncomplicated and definite
By constructing building the highest bit, the roof, as light as possible
The formations of building should be hard and uniform ground to prevent failure
The engineers need to make an educated guess about ground motions from all future possible earthquake magnitudes from the location of building
The frame of building structure should have adequate ductility to be acquired
…show more content…
Moreover, the foundation system must be able to transferring large amount of lateral forces between the structure and the ground. To support the structure of the buildings, the foundation system should have a capacity to resist both transient and permanent ground deformation. On sites which are subject to liquefaction or lateral spreading, the foundation should be supported by vertical bearing. As the surface soils can go through larger lateral displacements during earthquake, the building will require deep foundations with drilled shafts or driven piles. Besides, it is important to attach together the individual foundation elements to support structure in case the structure can damage as a result of ground
The Physical and Human Factors Which Affect the Location and the Impact of the Earthquake Hazard
Skyscrapers are amazing! Architectural defeats. Wonders of the world. How are they able to withstand even the strongest of winds and earthquakes?
Boom! Crash! Sound echo everywhere. People scream all around you. A deadly 7.1 magnitude earthquake has just hit your town. On October 14, 2013 this happened in the Philippines (B-Essay). There were 3,512,281 affected individuals and 36,645 houses damaged (Doc. D). 39 roads and 18 bridges were in disrepair (Doc. D). People respond in certain ways after a natural disaster. They band together and react with Red Cross and government, Evacuation centers, and Gathering supplies.
What are earthquakes? An earthquake is what happens when two pieces of the earth suddenly slip past one another. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. The location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter, or focus.
Issues of defective construction or failure of building had been occur since all time ago. Each of the cases of defective construction has their own reason and most of the reason is related to its building. The main causes of the structural failure are not come from the loading but it determine by the defective design of the building. Other than that, the inferior construction material also may be the reason since the loads are being calculated based on the material specification. Usually the failure which comes from material is due to the changes material that difference from the exactly material that should be used in the construction.
[4] Muni Budhu. Soil Mechanics and Foundations 3rd Edition and Foundations and Earth Retaining Structures (Combined book made for UBC). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2011.
From nursery rhymes such as the "Three Little Pigs" to the Sampoong Superstore collapse, structural failures are always a threat. In the case of the "Three Little Pigs" nursery rhyme, building material played a key role in preventing the house from collapsing. The Sampoong Superstore, on the other hand, failed due to many factors, but one of the major factors was ethical failure in the construction and maintenance of the structure. The job of an engineer is to prevent these structures from failing. They do so by learning, understanding, and following the basic principles of Statics. Engineers build things stronger than what they were made to handle so that one small mistake will not jeopardize the structure. Although they occur, structural
To determine how the fire prevention systems in a structure weather an earthquake, a test was conducted at the University of California, San Diego, in 2012. The test was preformed outside on a 5 story building, located on an
People tremble when they hear the word: destruction, devastation, or losses while those are only the first words that come to mind when an Earthquake occurs. Earthquakes can be terrifying; the earth that had seemed so reassuringly solid and stable suddenly lurches, disrupting people’s both physical and emotional balance. Skyscrapers sway visibly, sound buildings and bridges collapse, power lines spark, gas lines rupture, and landslides scar hillsides and alter the course of the rivers. For years throughout recorded history, earthquakes have disrupted all expectations of normalcy and have imposed an adverse impact on various places around the world, killing over “3.5 million people” on average during the past two millennia (Marshak 218).
Structural Engineers are one of the many trained professionals who are classified under forensic engineering. Structural Engineers (SEs) deal with the frameworks and skeletons of buildings, bridges, towers, stadiums, tunnels, and even roller coasters; in short, virtually every aspect of our world’s built environment. SEs works with other engineers—mechanical, geotechnical, electrical, and civil—as well as urban planners and architects. SEs design the components of a structure that hold its contents—“contents” being people, vehicles, and other property. In buildings, SEs design roof framing, floor framing, arches, columns, frames, foundations, and walls. They work with a broad range of materials, including steel, concrete, wood, masonry, and aluminum. SEs must design structures to resist forces from gravity, earthquakes, high winds, water, collisions, and explosions. They develop their designs by performing a complex series of calculations and by utilizing computer programs. The primary duty of a structural engineer is to ensure public safety and to serve the client’s interests while abiding by the appropriate standards and legal codes, which are commonly refer to as building codes.
Where one is in the United States determines if one is in danger from a natural risk and which hazard. Some natural risks are earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, hurricanes and tornadoes. Document one is a map from the natural Disaster Coalition that shows most natural risks and the areas affected in the United States. Despite showing specifically which regions are affected by certain natural risks, document one is not not complete and does not include all natural risks of the United States, leaving out certain ones like floods, wildfires, blizzards, landslides and numerous others. The west coast of the United States is prone to a lot of earthquakes. Earthquakes destroys infrastructures that leads to numerous deaths and a long recuperation periods.
A manifesto by definition is “a declaration of policy and aims” so taken from this description, an architectural manifesto would be the ideas of the architect. The new project for history is to come up with our own Manifesto, before one can do this, research needs to be done and examples must be looked at. So this essay will look at the process of creating a manifesto and the essay will also discuss other architectural manifestos which were used as inspiration for me to create my own manifesto.
Taher, R. (2011). General recommendations for improved building practices in earthquake and hurricane prone areas. San Francisco, CA: Architecture for Humanity Retrieved from
Every person with a job, no matter what occupation, makes an impact on society in some way, shape, or form. Some people leave their legacy by defending people in court, some saving lives in a hospital, and others planning and building works of construction. These planners have a large-scale effect on everybody in society and have an eye for detail, as well as enjoy using mathematics to ensure proper construction. That is why I have chosen architecture to be my career. An architect is a person who designs buildings and supervises their construction. A broader view of an architect is a person who is responsible for inventing or realizing a particular idea or project. Architecture varies from the pillars of the Greek Parthenon, to peoples’ homes. I often find myself marveling over the design of large-scale building projects such as the skyscrapers of New York City. Most of these buildings belong to a myriad of well-known companies such as Chase and Toshiba. That is why I have particularly chosen to become a commercial architect.
Earthquakes belong to the class of most disastrous natural hazards. They result in unexpected and tremendous earth movements. These movements results from dissemination of an enormous amount of intense energy in form of seismic waves which are detected by use of seismograms. The impact of earthquakes leaves behind several landmarks including: destruction of property, extensive disruption of services like sewer and water lines, loss of life, and causes instability in both economic and social components of the affected nation (Webcache 2).