2.5 Capturing panorama by spatial camera equipment
2.5.1 Catadioptric Panoramas
A catadioptric camera system enables us to record a full “half sphere image’’ in one shot. The word catadioptric means pertaining to or involving both the reflection and the refraction of light. A catadioptric camera system is engineered as a combination of a quadric mirror and a conventional sensor-matrix camera; see Figure 2 2. Catadioptric camera systems provide real-time and highly portable imaging capabilities at affordable cost. Figure 2 2(a) a commercial catadioptric camera system. The shape of the mirror has been emphasized by an added black curve for clarity. (b) an image taken by this panoramic sensor. (c) a panorama produced by rectifying the
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Both catadioptric sensors allow that all the reflected projection rays intersect at a single point, and hence possess a simple computational model which supports various applications. Both sensor models are illustrated in Figure 2 3. Figure 2 3 Catadioptric panoramas: Parabolic mirror with orthographic projection (left), and hyperboloidal mirror with perspective projection (right).
The major drawbacks of the catadioptric approach include low resolution near the center of an image, non-uniform spatial sampling, inefficient usage of images (i.e., there is a self-occluded or mirror-occluded area in each captured image), severe distortions and image blurring due to aberrations caused by coma, astigmatism, field curvature, and chromatic aberration.
These drawbacks suggest that catadioptric panoramas are not suitable for those recognition or inspection types of applications where high accuracy or high image resolution is required (as in close-range photogrammetry).
2.5.2 Camera with Fish-eye
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In interiors however, lighting conditions are rarely ideal, in dark spaces this method of recording can last for several hours (!).
2.6 Construction Digital Panoramas
There are many methods to Create Digital Panoramas
2.6.1 Image Mosaicing
Image mosaicing is often just a single component of a rather complex project.
An image mosaicing method assumes motion-uncontrolled image sequences (see Figure 2 7 (a) Motion-controlled and (b) motion-uncontrolled scanning.(b)), or just sets of images (e.g., taken by different satellites on different days, at different elevations, and with various resolutions above the same location).
Mosaicing is simplified if the non-rotational motion of the camera can be controlled (to some extent). For example, a geostationary satellite, which is constantly looking down at a fixed angle, provides ideal conditions for mosaicing. Figure 2 7 (a) Motion-controlled and (b) motion-uncontrolled scanning.
(Huang et al., 2008)
The problem of accurate mosaicing appears in photogrammetry, computer vision, image processing, and computer graphics. Application areas of mosaicing include change detection. (Huang et al.,
The camera obscura is an optical device, known to be used since the times of Mozi and Aristotle. The earliest declaration of this type of device was by the Chinese theorist Mo-Ti, in the 5th Century BC, calling it ‘the locked treasure room’. The first published illustration of the camera obscura, is in a book from 1544 called ‘De radio astronomica et geometrica’, by Dutch scientist Reiner Gemma Frisius. He used it to observe a solar eclipse at Louvain. The camera obscura is a completely dark box or a room with a small hole in one wall. The light rays from outside the camera obscura, passes through the hole and produces an inverted image within the chamber of whatever is in front of the hole. As light travels in a straight line, the reflection of a lit object passes through the tiny hole, but does not scatter, it crosses and reforms as an upturned image on a flat surface. The camera obscura was a major deal as it created an image in true perspective. It creates the three-dimensional world we live in onto a “two-dimensional surface in a mathematically precise fashion” (Myers, A 2013).
Motion Capture cameras are retro-reflective cameras used to help capture body motions in order to study the movements in space, also known as kinematics. Motion capture cameras can capture at 1 million millisecond intervals, making frames as high as 1,000 per second. There are two types of motion capturing cameras, 2-D and 3-D. Two-dimensional motion capture occurs when only using one motion capture camera. 2-D only incorporates the X an Y coordinates. When using more than one camera the Z coordinate is incorporated, making it a three-dimensional motion capture. Motion capture can be fairly cost effective when using only one camera and a computer to digitize the film into sequences of different frames. Then one can compare the videos and frames with other videos to help discover and form ideas to improve and further the knowledge on motion in space.
...ossessed with three dimensional attributes. The optical effect may be explained by the fact that the human eyes see an object from two viewpoints separated laterally by about six centimeters. The two views show slightly different spatial relationships between near and near distant objects and the visual process fuses these stereoscopic views to a single three dimensional impression. The same parallax view of an object may be experienced upon reflection of an object seen from a concave mirror." (http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4229761.html).
The most technologically advanced part about the telescope is its mirrors and optical capturing system. “The HST is a large reflecting telescope whose mirror optics gather light from c...
I will be talking about how images in a convex lens in a magnifying glass are affected by focal length. Concave lenses always produce virtual images because refracted rays do not intersecct. Images being reflected might change size depending on the material it is being reflected on. In some reflections it is common for an object to be reflected upside down because f the effect the material gives.
Statistic images and landscapes, or know as fractal landscapes, and the way that this component works is that these statistic images...
One of the techniques used in The Lord of the Rings is panorama. Panorama shows the...
One of the outcomes of the Newton’s work was the development of the reflecting telescopes. In essence, the earliest telescopes such as the one used by Galileo consisted of the glass lenses mounted in a tube (Jenny, et al. 12). Further, Newton discovered that when light passed through a lens, the different colors were refracted by differing amounts. In solving this problem of the chromatic aberration, Newton designed a telescope that used mirrors, rather than lenses, to bring the light to a focus. Further, the light from the object being viewed is collected by the concave primary mirror and reflected a smaller secondary plane mirror. Furthermore, the mirror is inclined at 45 degrees to the axis
This source is was useful and reliable to my research because it stated the importance of knowing the basics, without them you would not be able to create an amazing image. Many of the topics discussed in this book will be presented in my paper.
It is used by optical engineers and scientists to describe how the optics project light from the object or scene onto a photographic film, detector array, retina, screen or simply the next item in the transmission chain. The function specifies the translation and contrast reduction of a periodic sine pattern after passing through the lens system, as a function of its periodicity and orientation. Formally, the optical transfer function is defined as the Fourier transform of the point spread function, or impulse response of the optics, i.e. the image of a point source. When this image does not change shape upon lateral translation of the point source, the optical transfer function can be used to study the projection of arbitrary objects or scenes onto the detector or film. While figures of merit such as contrast, sensitivity, and resolution give an intuitive indication of performance, the optical transfer function provides a comprehensive and well-defined characterization of optical
For centuries, mankind has always pondered upon the wonders that is beyond our planet, the Earth. The invention of the telescope has vastly improved our view of the skies, sharpening our perception of the universe and penetrating ever deeper, to the furthest edges of time and space. The underlying roots to the invention of the telescope is vague and thought to have started around during the 13th century. An accidental discovery made by a glassmaker during this era, resulted in the development and defined the early beginnnings of spectacles. The glassmaker discovered the magnifying effect of glass when objects glanced through a glass disk appeared clearer and larger in size. It was not until the 17th century which convex lenses were utilised together to create what we now call the “telescope”.
Reflecting telescopes use mirrors instead of lenses to magnify an image. the light enters the telescope straight and hits the concave mirror and bends towards the focal point. A plane mirror is placed near the focal point and angled so the light bends towards the eyepiece underneath it. The eyepiece is a converging lense which bends the light and straightens the light so it goes into the eye
The refracting telescope is one of many different types of telescope. Refracting telescopes work by refracting the light through an initial convex lens, (known as the objective lens), then through another convex lens (known as the eyepiece lens). These two lenses focus the light into the eyepiece so we can see the image clearly.
The following examples will help you to understand the differences between the different camera angles
Thesis: It's essential to know your camera’s features and settings if you want to take the best possible photos!