Light Manipulation using telescopes AS91169 (begin writing below the heading)
Light always goes in a straight line, however can change direction through reflection and refraction. Reflection occurs when a ray of light bounces off an object for example, a mirror. Refraction is where rays of light can go through a media and change direction for an example a lense or glass or the ozone layer. When light rays go through a median such as glass, some light refracts and some light reflects. As the rays enter the glass, they bend through the glass at a different angles and then exit at the same direction they entered.
The equation for the value of the angles of the light rays as they pass through 2 medias is n1sin1 =n2sin2. n1= optical density of
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Refracting telescopes are designed with lense at the front of the telescope the biggest so when the light rays enter, the real image is formed closer to the eyepiece, magnifying the image more. The equation to calculate the magnification of a telescope it M = Fo/Fe (Magnification = Focal length of object/Focal length of eyepiece).
The image is shown on the focal point of the objective (first) lense, where the rays all meet. When light goes into a converging lense, it refracts towards the focal point of the lense. By drawing a line around a convex or concave lense/mirror and continue going at the same curve, there would be a circle. The focal point of the lense is halfway between the center of the circle the lense creates, and the edge. To work out the focal point half the radius of the circle the lense
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If the rays meet lower than the middle of the lense, the image is inverted. When the light rays hit the eyepiece, they refract towards the focal point of the eyepiece outside of the telescope. This means that the image created is virtual This explains why while looking through a telescope, the image moves as the eye moves around the eyepiece.
There are two types of telescopes, refracting and reflecting
Reflecting telescope
Reflecting telescopes use mirrors instead of lenses to magnify an image. the light enters the telescope straight and hits the concave mirror and bends towards the focal point. A plane mirror is placed near the focal point and angled so the light bends towards the eyepiece underneath it. The eyepiece is a converging lense which bends the light and straightens the light so it goes into the eye
Sensory signals relating information about our physical movements, as well as information regarding external object motion, are required in order to preserve a stable and accurate view of the world, and estimate external motion. Space constancy is the visual system’s ability to maintain a view of the outside world that does not jump about and move with an eye movement (Deubel, Bridgeman, & Schneider, 1998; Stark & Bridgeman, 1983). A simple way of achieving this is to add the velocity estimates that are derived from afferent and efferent motion signals. The sum of these estimates would result in head-centred motion. For instance, the image on the retina of stationary objects in the world would gain a motion opposite and equal to any eye movement. As suggested above, reafferent retinal motion should provide a velocity estimate of similar magnitude to the efferent estimates of eye movement. If these two estimates are equal to one another, but have opposite sign, then their sum would correctly suggest null motion.
Binoculars - A tool you look into used to make things look closer than they are so you can see it more clearly.
projected its rays through the tinted glass... But in the western or black chamber the effect of the
angles and the convenient placing of a mirror is able to convey the sense of an
...ossessed with three dimensional attributes. The optical effect may be explained by the fact that the human eyes see an object from two viewpoints separated laterally by about six centimeters. The two views show slightly different spatial relationships between near and near distant objects and the visual process fuses these stereoscopic views to a single three dimensional impression. The same parallax view of an object may be experienced upon reflection of an object seen from a concave mirror." (http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4229761.html).
The four main components of the eye that are responsible for producing an image are the cornea, lens, ciliary muscles and retina. Incoming light rays first encounter the cornea. The bulging shape of the cornea causes it to refract light similar to a convex lens. Because of the great difference in optical density between the air and the corneal material and because of the shape of the cornea, most of the refraction to incoming light rays takes place here. Light rays then pass through the pupil, and then onto the lens. A small amount of additional refraction takes place here as the light rays are "fine tuned" so that they focus on the retina.
The human eye is one of the most complex organisms in the human body and the lens is one of the most impressive structures within it! Despite being slightly over two centimeters in diameter, the human eye has over two million moving parts. Sight is a rapidly occurring process that involves continuous interaction between the eye, the nervous system, and the brain. The lens is a key component of the eye which, coupled with the cornea, focuses images onto the retina. This is easily achieved by the lenses biconvex shape, refractive index, clarity, and youth. In our younger years we have the ability to bring near objects into focus by the act of accommodation. Ciliary muscle shortening allows the lens to take on a more curved shape. Human vision can be limited by the optical quality of the eye, especially by the presence of a cataract. Cataracts are a very common age-related visual problem and the number of cataract operations performed is continuously on the rise; approximately 20 million surgeries were performed in 2010.
Don’t judge a book by its cover. Meeting someone for the first time is much different than knowing them for a while. Firstly, people tend to notice appearance before all other characteristics even become a thought. Today, appearance plays a major role in the way people perceive us. One’s image, nowadays, is becoming increasingly more important to others, rather than personality or intelligence. This may be the case because modern society is greatly influenced by one’s beauty. Style and facial structure are the first things a majority of people take note upon when encountering others. This “silent judgement” of others becomes a main factor into why people, especially women, put so much thought into their
“The camera may be thought of as a comparable to the eye. The difference is
Understanding how our eyes work can be a really interesting thing. Many people don’t realize vision actually begins when light rays are reflected off an object that then enters the eye through the cornea. The cornea is a transparent bulge, in the front of our eyes that allows us to begin refraction. The cornea is one of the most important things in our eyes that allow us to see the things we do. After the reflected light rays enter the cornea, they then p...
The cornea and the crystalline lens act together to focus the light on the retina and provide vision following a specific procedure as shown in figures 2 and 3. It begins when light enters the eye through the cornea which is the transparent, prolate, front refractive surface of the eye with 43 Dioptric power. After that, the light is refracted to pass through the pupil where its amount is regulated by the constriction or dilation of the sphincter or dilator muscles of the iris, respectively. Then the light will pass through the second refractive surface of the eye which is the crystalline lens with 20 Diopters of power and having a transparent biconvex shape, the light is refracted onto the retina. (Garrity, 2015) (Vail,
ways as I have explained in this essay. It is a fact that The Mirror
When beginning to examine mirages, it is important to understand both what a mirage is and how it forms. According to physics.org, “mirages are naturally occurring optical illusions.” This illusion is caused by the way in which light is refracted through the air at different temperatures. Mirages exist in two different forms. There are both inferior and superior mirages. Both mirages are caused by refracted light, due to hot and cold air pockets existing above and below one another. Since cool air is denser than warm air, as light passes from cold to warm, it is refracted towards the denser air. The light rays, which usually travel straight to our eyes from the sky above, are bent almost in to what is a “u” shape. Our brain therefore perceives the fake image to be either above or below where the object actually exists. This process is what creates a mirage. An image is seen where it does not truly exist (Types of Mirages).
The refracting telescope is one of many different types of telescope. Refracting telescopes work by refracting the light through an initial convex lens, (known as the objective lens), then through another convex lens (known as the eyepiece lens). These two lenses focus the light into the eyepiece so we can see the image clearly.
The achromatic lens that first appeared in a 1733 telescope made by Chester Moore Hall, John Hadley's production of larger paraboloidal mirrors in 1721, the process of silvering glass mirrors introduced by Léon Foucault in 1857, and the adoption of long lasting aluminized coatings on reflector mirrors in 1932 evolved the telescopes to higher levels of performance and accuracy.