CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING (EDM) The phenomenon of erosion of metals by electric spark was first noticed by Joseph Priestily in 1878 but this was not used for machining of metals until 1930s. Controlled machining of metals by electric sparks was first done by Lazarenko in Russia in 1944 [2]. One of the most widely used Non-Conventional Machining process in industry is Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM). Electric Discharge Machining is a non- traditional concept
point of the spark, causing a minute part of the sample to melt and vaporizes. With each discharge, a crater was formed on the machined surface. It was observed from Figure 5.4 SEM micrographs that, EDM surface produces irregular topography and defects included globules of debris, spherical particle, varying size craters and micro-cracks [29]. The surface topography was altered owing to significant electrical parameters such as Pulse on Time, Pulse off Time and Peak Current. The Pulse on Time and
account for introducing the techniques to an industry Below can be seen other factors that need to be considered. Each factor is the most important for its type of micro manufacturing process. Chemical-Machining and Photo-Chemical Machining Life cycle - The life cycle of a photo chemical machining tool is estimated to be around 450 cycles. For a large volume production it is often advisable to produce a negative master film, this also a positive film to be quickly produced by a contact method. It
Traditional and Non-Traditional Machining Processes The Traditional or “Conventional” Machining process utilizes forces that eliminate material in the form of chips (Conventional vs. Non-Conventional Machining). This is accomplished by spreading forces on the material being worked with a cutting tool that is firmer than the work material that is being machined (Conventional vs. Non-Conventional Machining). Some examples of traditional machining processes are as follows: casting, forming, sheet metal
will machine products using a CNC Mill and a CNC Lathe. It can be best described as the process from which a piece of raw material (metal) is cut into desired shapes and sizes by a computer controlled machine. This computer control describes CNC Machining and stands for “Computer Numeric Control”. This simply means that a computer will convert a design of a part to be produced from Computer-Aided Design software (CAD), into numbers (G-code). These numbers are then deemed as coordinates on a graph
Electro discharge machining (EDM) is a non-conventional process used in industry for machining various intricate shapes. This process is known for machining hard and brittle conductive metallic materials as it can melt any electrically conductive material regardless of hardness at about 8000-12000 °C. History shows that, in 1770, an English scientist Joseph Priestley discovered that electrical discharge could erode metal. Then another 173 years later in 1943, two scientists Lazarenko and Lazarenko
Abstract Electric discharge machine developed in late 1940’s has been accepted worldwide as a standard process in manufacturing and is capable of machining geometrically complex or hard material components, that are precise and difficult-to-machine such as heat treated tool steels, composites, super alloys, ceramics, nitrated alloy, carbides, heat resistant steels etc. EDM has become an important and cost-effective method of machining extremely tough and brittle electrically conductive materials
(5) ABRASIVE MACHINING PROCESSES: Description of the Equipment, nozzles, metal removal rate and application of abrasive jet machining, water jet machining, abrasive water jet machining, abrasive flow machining. (7) ELECTRON BEAM AND PLASMA ARC MACHINING: Production of electron beam, description of the apparatus, application of electron beam machining, process principles, equipments, effect of process parameters, processes capabilities
applied. So it is obtained mechanical vibrations from applying electrical oscillations to the crystals. The frequency of Ultrasonic wave should be higher than 20,000 Hz. (Sound waves). After of all of the research of ultrasonic technology the first ULTRA SONIC MACHINING (USM) built 1950 s. United States develop Ultrasonic machining and was used for machining materials that need tough machine. Types There two type of ultrasonic machining:- • Ultrasonic Machine (USM) • Rotary Ultrasonic Machine (RUM)
1. Identify a product that has been manufactured using laser processing (Cutting, welding, etc.) and describe what laser process has been used in it (4) 2. How was this part manufactured before lasers were used (2)? 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using lasers instead the previous process in the case of this particular item (4)? 4. Identify a company that manufactures this item or does the mentioned laser processing part. Briefly describe the operations of the company with
custom metal machining service for machinery and equipment. We at Wire Technologies, proud to design quality metal parts, metal accessories, and digital prototypes for your machinery at custom price range. We provide 100% unmatched customer service, which no other competitor in South Florida can provide. http://www.wire-tech.org/ 2. Wire technologies specializes in developing metal tools and laboratory instrumentation for medical industry. Our team of experts and high-end precision machining service
Due to me already being in the field of machining the career wouldn’t much change my lifestyle other than getting the education I need to advance up the ladder. In most cases only a high school diploma or equivalent is required to get a job in machine tool however in order to advance further than
Thus the rate of decrease in hardness varies between nominal value of 2.81% to 2.98%. 2.1.7 S. Prabhu, B. K. Vinayagam studied Modeling the machining parameters of AISI D2 tool steel material with multi wall carbon nano tube in electrical discharge machining process using response surface methodology-dec-2011 This work investigates the machining characteristics of American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
chemical nature (Ramuz & et al, 2012). Because of the abundance of carbon, carbon- based materials can be produced cheaply and in large quantities. In addition, carbon exhibits electrical and optical properties
feed rate the cutting speed depends purely on the gear settings in the machine in order to set the speed i.e. lower speed for larger size drills and higher speed for the smaller size drills. The drill is likely one of the important conventional machining techniques and is the most generally utilized to create holes into or through metal, wood, or different materials. These machines are in many shapes and sizes, from small hand-held power drills to bench mounted and finally floor-mounted models. It
friction between particles 3. Wetting agent to improve mixing 4. Plasticizer to make the mix more plastic and formable. 5. Various agents to control foaming and sintering. 6. De-flocculent to make ceramic-water suspension. De-flocculention changes the electrical charges on the clay particles so that they repel instead of attract each other. Next, it’s time to begin the casting process. The shaping process for refractories are casting plastic forming and pressing. The most common casting process is slip
Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Computer-aided design (CAD) is software that specially used for specific computer applications. Computer-aided design (CAD) is use to create two or three dimensional graphical representations of physical objects. CAD programming is utilized to build the productivity of creator; expands plan quality, enhance correspondence with the assistance of documentation and keep up information for assembling. CAD is used for electronic printing and for other manufacturing operations
Deep Cryogenic treatment has had a dramatic effect on the development of wear resistance of steel components. It is a supplement process to the conventional heat treatment process of steels. The aim of the present research work is to optimize the parameters affecting the deep cryogenic treatment process for attaining the minimum wear loss of 4140 steel. The selected process parameters for this optimization study are hardening temperature (A), soaking period (B), tempering temperature(C) and tempering