1895 and later on modified to modern technology and computerize around 1992. Polygraph has been around for centuries but is still an inconsistent technique and grounds for errors at court. The polygraph can cause the case in court to be grounds for dismissal and well as a mistrial. The polygraph also crosses the line within the Constitution specifically the Fifth, Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments by violating the due process and the self-incrimination guarantees which are part on these
Racial Discrimination in the U.S. Justice System Introduction In modern-day America the issue of racial discrimination in the criminal justice system is controversial because there is substantial evidence confirming both individual and systemic biases. While there is reason to believe that there are discriminatory elements at every step of the judicial process, this treatment will investigate and attempt to elucidate such elements in two of the most critical judicial junctures, criminal apprehension
1999. http://www.EBSCOhost.com. Neff, Craig. “Drug sweep.” Sports Illustrated; New York, 9 Aug. 1999: 71 Pelkey, Charles ed. “Etxebarria takes Pau; Armstrong answers drug charge.” Velo-News, 21 July 1999. Phillips, Ian. “Armstrong Extends Tour Lead U.S. Star Bristles at French Media’s Drug Innuendos.” Seattle Post- Intelligencer; Seattle, Wash.; 15 Jul. 1999: E2. Velo-News. The sensational 1998 Tour de France: Conquests and Crisis. Boulder, Colorado: VeloPress, December, 1998. “Virenque admits to