Photonic Band Gap Materials:  A little history behind Photonic Band Gap materials (PBG)? In 1987, an American physicist and engineer named Eli Yablonovitch and Canadian physics professor from the University of Toronto Canada, Sajeev John constructed artificial structures that then became the concept of PBG material. In order to evaluate this concept they created a 3D prototype diamond lattice in Plexiglas, which is a type of acrylic glass material. With this creation they were able

ligand charge transfer) change. The energized electrons are inserted into the conduction band of the Titanium Oxide electrode, consequential in the oxidation of the Photo-Sensitizer S + hν →S∗ [1] S∗ → S+ +e− (Titanium Oxide) [2] 3. Inserted electrons in the conduction band of Titanium Oxide are moved b/w Titanium Oxide Nano-particles with dispersal towards

CHAPTER 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION Energy is essential to meeting basic human needs: food, heat, light and transportation. Poor access to energy impacts on quality of life, education chances, economic production and healthcare provision. According to the International Energy Agency, 1.5 billion people around the world lack access to electricity-85% of them in rural areas. 2.7 billion People rely on traditional use of biomass and that number is expected to rise to 2.8 billion by 2030. Most of our energy comes

Synchrotron radiation is electromagnetism field radiated by accelerating charge particles. The applications of Synchrotron are in many fields e.g. Nano-science, Molecular science, biology and Magnetism.....etc. There are many techniques which based on synchrotron for instance: x-ray diffraction, infrared microscopy techniques and others yet to be developed [1].In this essay, we will focus on the x-ray technique based on synchrotron radiation used on silicon solar cell. However, the x-ray technique

Nathaniel Mackey's Bedouin Hornbook A Bedouin is a nomad and a nomad a wanderer. Nathaniel Mackey seems to wander far and away in his Bedouin Hornbook, a series of fictional letters addressed to an “Angel of Dust” and signed by the ambiguous “N.” N. interprets passages of improvisation, analyzing others’ musical expression in surprising detail to the point that his unquestioning sincerity and self-assurance are almost laughable. That N. can glean meaning from music in such a direct and certain

Introduction To begin this report, we will describe what exactly are “Compound Semiconductor Solar Cells”, by first separating the two main parts of “Compound Semiconductor” and “Solar Cell”. Firstly, a compound semiconductor is a semiconductor made up of two or more elements, such as Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), which is composed of Gallium (Ga) from Group III and Arsenic (As) from Group V. Compound Semiconductors have several important advantages over the conventional semiconductors which are made

kinetic energy levels, which increase with the orbital radius. When atoms bond together to form a solid, the electron energy levels merge into bands. In electrical conductors, these bands are continuous but in insulators and semiconductors there is an "energy gap", in which no electron orbits can exist, between the inner valence band and outer conduction band [Book 1]. Valence electrons help to bind together the atoms in a solid by orbiting 2 adjacent nucleii, while conduction electrons, being less

My research of Darwinian evolution has led me to believe that there is little room for spirituality of any kind in a truly rigorous scientific theory of the origin of life. This is disconcerting, to say the least. Obviously we have outgrown a strictly creationist lens, but has religion become completely obsolete? Does spirituality have a real place amongst the scientific tenets of evolutionary theory, or is it merely a crutch that we lean on? Can God and Darwin co-exist? The constantly mounting

Fossil Gaps “The study of fossils provides strong evidence for evolution.” (Campbell, 260) Or does it? The fact is that the fossil record is a silent testimony against Darwin’s erroneous theories of the fossil record documenting his idea of macroevolution. The book, Biology: Concepts and Connections (hereafter referred to as Biology), clearly agrees with the evolutionary outlook of “fossils [being] a rich source of evidence for evolution.” (Campbell, 260) However, this book, along with most

Getting your first job as a teenager can be an exciting time in a teenager’s life. Most teenagers start working in a retail stores or a fast food restaurant. One place that can pop into someone’s mind when looking for a job is Old Navy. There are hundreds of locations across the nations making it available to most teenagers. The flexible hours, good management, and discounts make Old Navy a wonderful place to start working as a teenager although not receiving enough hours to work is a downside