The somatoform disorders are a major diagnostic class in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM IV) which groups together conditions characterized by physical symptoms suggestive of but not fully explained by general medical or the direct effects of a substance. In this class symptoms are not intentionally produced and are not attributable to another mental disorder. The disorders included in this class are somatization disorder, conversion disorder, pain disorder, hypochondiasis, undifferentiated somatoform disorder, body dysmorphic disorder and somatoform disorder not otherwise specified (First &Allan Tasman 2010).
There appear to be sufficient reasons to group together the disorders mainly characterized by medically unexplained somatic symptoms; the predominance of such symptoms is a sufficient basis for the grouping of these disorders but it is still debated as to how these disorders are to be conceptualized, named, and classified. Because there is general dissatisfaction with the current conceptualization and classification of somatoform disorders, debate on the future of these conditions is much needed. The collaboration between psychiatrists and nonpsychiatric physicians is crucial in this debate, with the ultimate goal being adoption of a system that would be uniform and acceptable to all Vladan Starcevic, (2006).
For instance, Mayou et al. (2005) disagree with the current classification and overall concept of somatoform disorders. Among others, their criticisms include that the category is a “speculative category” with unproven validity, that psychological reaction to functional symptoms are classified differently from psychological reaction to physical disease w...
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...s, including when the symptoms are amplified by vicious circles beyond the original peripheral signal intensity. Cultural models of causal attributions of symptoms are powerful contributors in this regard; they set up expectations of the symptoms’ etiology and course. According to Kirkmayer and Sartorius (2007) Analysis of illness narratives collected from diverse ethnocultural groups suggests that somatic symptoms are located in multiple systems of meaning that serve diverse psychological and social functions. Depending on circumstances, these symptoms can be seen as an index of disease or disorder, an indication of psychopathology, a symbolic condensation of intrapsychic conflict, a culturally coded expression of distress, a medium for expressing social discontent, and a mechanism through which patients attempt to reposition themselves within their local worlds.
individual with a histrionic orientation displays an active dependency characterized by a strong need for external validation in the form of interpersonal attention, support, and reassurance”. This paper will explore the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment as well as risk factors of Histrionic Personality Disorder. The American Psychiatric Association defines Histrionic Personality Disorder as a pervasive pattern of the excessive emotionally and attention seeking behavior. HPD is a cluster B personality
Introduction As one of the most prevalent mental disorders in America; generalized anxiety disorder – or GAD – is an important diagnostic consideration for many professionals (Fricchione, 2004). GAD has been called “worry without reason” (Wehrenberg & Prinz, 2007, p. 116), and can affect several age groups. Children can develop GAD and suffer from it the rest of their lives. Adults can also develop it, and it is common among the aging and among women. This could also possibly be a result of societal
dissociative identity, as shown in Psycho and Bates Motel, provide an accurate portrayal of the disorder, because of the disorder origins, diagnosis process, symptoms, and personality differences. To address the concepts in the television show and in the movie, there are basic facts about both that are needed.
problem with the fact that symptoms of any trauma an individual experiences is lumped together into one category- one diagnosis. She states, “The responses to trauma are best understood as a spectrum of conditions rather than as a single disorder,” (87). Thus comes her first step to a solution in transitioning simple diagnoses of trauma and PTSD, breaking it down from a lumped diagnosis no matter the event(s) that caused it or the specific symptoms associated with individual cases. She termed “Complex
(PHQ) is designed to facilitate the recognition and the diagnosis of depressive disorders in primary patients of care. For patients with a depressive disorder, a result of Index of Severity of Depression PHQ can be calculated and repeated by the time to supervise the change. The Primary Care is more often the first contact of the patients with the medical assistance. The elegant primary debit to act as the first platform of prevention, diagnosis, care, treatment, and rehabilitation for all the illnesses
that has its flaws like any other treatment option. Typical life characteristics for these students are to have minimal friendships, engage in risky behavior, make impulsive choices, and battle with another psychological disorder. The most common diagnosis paired with ADHD is depression, but more research needs to be done to confirm the correlation. As a society, it is important to keep an open mind and acknowledge that this is a disorder. These individuals cannot control the glitch in their brain
The National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities (1998) have defined learning disabilities as a general term that refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders manifested by significant difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical skills (IJCP, 2013). Learning is acquisition of new knowledge, skills or attitude. Children during their early years of development learn to understand the spoken language first and then learn to speak.