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Courts' interpretations of communications decency acts
Courts' interpretations of communications decency acts
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In 1996, The United States Congress passed a law that they called the 'Communications Decency Act'. In the forementioned act, more precicely, section 505 demanded that cable operators that offered channels that were 100 percent dedicated to 'sexually oriented programing' were to do one of three things. They could scramble or completely block their channels between 6 in the morning till 10 at night where children where most likely to view it. They could also only broadcast between what was deemed the 'safe harbour' hours which were 10pm-6am. Congress said that the purpose of section 505 was to protect those who weren't subscribed to the network airing them from 'signal bleed' which back in 1996 was when certain audio or visual wave portions of the scrambled programs might mix in with regular shows and thus seen or heard.
In Febuary of 1996, Playboy Entertainment Group Inc. Filed a law suit challenging sections 505 of the communications Decency Act constintuionally. In Response to the suit a three-judge district court panel agreed that section 505 of the CDA 'was a content based restriction on speech that was subject to strict scrutiny.' In order to satisfy the Panels analysis of the governments argument, they were required to show that section 505 was carfully tailored to be the least restrictive way that furthered the goverments intrestest.
The Government, in response, gave three points to justify their advancement of section 505. The first point being that they wanted to protect children from adult explicit material. The second point was that they were supporting the parents right to raise their children as they see fit, and the third and final point was their belief that it was the best way to ensure an individual's right to p...
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...yer and Scalia made statements that “The majority hadn't made a realistic assessment of the alternatives” and “Section 505 was constitutional because it regulates the business of obscenity.”
In concurrence of Kennedy's opinion Justice Stevens outlined that Scalia's Criticisms of the majorities opinion, and his reasoning's for being in favor of section 505 was due to the fact he viewed the obscene as something more broadly then most others would view.
Thomas on the other hand noted that his decision on the case would have been differently if the broadcasts showed obscene material. He also noted that the goverment argued agaisnt indecent broadcasts, not obscene. In his statement, Thomas also stated that the First Amendment gave more protections over indecent material then it did over material that is deemed as outright obscene.
As stated in the earlier in the essay
middle of paper ... ... It was just that the Supreme Court believed that this specific case was unconstitutional. The one thing that I find very interesting is that if the Line Item Veto was found unconstitutional in this case then why is it that the president in the past terms has been able to use the Line Item Veto? This type of veto is still around today, and is still used.
The opinion of the court was held by Justice Kennedy, in that the Colorado amendment was held unconstitutional on the basis that it violated the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment on the United States Constitution. Kennedy argued the amendment singles out a specific group in which, it would make it so only homosexuals cannot receive the protective rights that are available to anyone else. This idea makes homosexuals unequal to everyone else because they are not guaranteed the same protection that anyone else could get if they needed it. Furthermore, the amendment burdens the homosexual community by not allowing them to seek protection against discrimination though the use of legislation. Additionally, Kennedy claims “In and ordinary case, a law will be sustained if it can be said to advance a legitimate government interest…” (632) By this he means that a law will be considered valid as long as it has a ...
There have been many Supreme Court cases that dealed with many concepts of the law, like obscenity for example. As a matter of fact, obscenity is a concept that Miller v. California deals with. To be more specific, this case deals with what is considered obscene, and if the specific obscenity mentioned in this case is protected by the first amendment, the freedom of speech. I will now explain this case in more depth.
California: A 40 Year Retrospective from Inside the Court, in which it is established that Cohen was wrongly convicted under both the “time, place, and manner” and the “fighting words” doctrines. Respectively, they state that the government can limit speech based on the general setting of the occasion and that aimed personal insults are unprotected by the 1st Amendment. However, these were quickly deemed irrelevant to the case, because the California statute had no specific regulation on time, place, and manner when it came to conduct and courthouses, and that the expletive on Cohen’s jacket was not directed to anyone in particular. Consequently, expression rights of American citizens has been thoroughly defined when it comes to the use of profane language, which in turn strengthens the
Justice Jackson's disagreement on the ruling of the Terminiello case is supported by many historical examples which demonstrate that freedom of speech is not an absolute right under the law. Although Terminiello had a right to exercise his right under the First Amendment, had the majority carefully considered this principle it should have rejected his claim. In this case, the majority's treatment of Terminiello's case skirted the real issue and did not benefit from true constitutional interpretation.
Brennan, William J. “Roth v. United States, Opinion of the Court.” Freedom of Speech in the United States. 24 June, 1957. Strata Publishing Inc. 12 Nov. 2005
The case that I chose to analyze is Reno v. ACLU. It is the first Internet related U.S. Supreme Court case ever to be decided. Seven of the justices found the argued provisions of the Communications Decency Act (CDA) were unconstitutional under the First Amendment. The court found that the Internet is similar to a shopping mall or library not a broadcast medium as the government refered to it. The majority opinion for this case was that the Internet is a unique marketplace for ideas. The ruling states that while there is a large amount of pornographic material out there, it normally isn’t come across on accident. They stated that the CDA already holds back a good amount of speech that is alright for adult to adult conversations, which they do have a constitutional right to receive. While they recognize the CDA efforts to protect children from harmful speech and pornographic material, it still does not justify the unnecessarily broad suspension of speech. The final outcome was that they found that what the CDA was trying to do would violate speakers messages who are rightfully protected under the First Amendment.
There are several flaws in this section of the Communications Decency Act that are due to the wording of the section itself. The entire section "patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards" is not defined enough to give a basis for people to be fined or imprisoned. What is offensive to the "contemporary community?
Herbeck, Tedford (2007). Boston College: Freedom of Speech in the United States (fifth edition) Cohen vs. California 403 U.S. 15 Retrieved on March 2, 2008 from http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/comm/free_speech/cohen.html
The author provides many facts that support his argument and makes sure to explain how other solutions would not work to solve this problem effectively. The article provides a plethora of facts discussing how the use of censorship is not the way to go due to its negative connotation and how the law cannot do anything, because technically nothing wrong is really happening the law viewpoint. The author finally concluded his essay by discussing how the solution he proposed maybe the best one they can use at the moment and how the solution has been used and been proven successful. The weaknesses of the essay include lack of information regarding the Supreme Court readings and the fact that he did not cite any sources to show ethos, but he himself was the president of Harvard University so that might have been
In her essay “Let’s Put Pornography Back in the Closet,” Susan Brownmiller, a prominent feminist activist, argues that pornography should not be protected under the First Amendment (59). Her position is based on the belief that pornography is degrading and abusive towards women (Brownmiller 59). She introduces the reader to the U.S. Constitution’s First Amendment, and explains how it relates to her beliefs on censoring pornographic material (Brownmiller 58). In addition, she provides examples of First Amendment controversies such as Miller v. California and James Joyce’s Ulysses to explain how the law created a system to define pornographic material (Brownmiller 58). She described the system that used a three-part test as confusing (Brownmiller 58). Regardless of whether or not the First Amendment was intended to protect obscenities, she and many others believe that the legislatures should have the final say in the decision of creating and publishing pornography (Brownmiller 60).
Illinois, the constitutional position on obscene material has not changed. The Miller Test, with the revised third prong has remained unaltered and obscenity prosecutions have continued in steady decline from 1990. The dispute and definition of obscenity still persist but with the lack of Supreme Court attention to such matters it development is unlikely. Perhaps the law of obscenity ought to be reexamined and defined to create a more constructive standard. Or, just as feasibly, it could be considered that a unanimous, objective standard is unattainable as Justice Stevens stated in his dissent “De gustibus non est disputandum. Just as there is no arguing about taste, there is no use litigating about
Head, Tom . "Radio Censorship." About.com Civil Liberties. About.com, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. .
McCarthy, M. (2005). THE CONTINUING SAGA OF INTERNET CENSORSHIP: THE CHILD ONLINE PROTECTION ACT. Brigham Young University Education & Law Journal, (2), 83-101.
Zelezny, J. (2011). Communications Law: Liberties, Restraints, and the Modern Media. Boston, MA: Wadsworth-Cengage Learning.