The Chindwin River is located between Latitude 2206-2600 North and Longitude 95940818-9542 East and covers a catchment area of 113,4800 km2 across the northwestern region of Myanmar (Fig. 1). With a length of 985 km, it is the third largest river and one of the principal water resources in the country. It is the largest tributary of the well-known Ayeyarwaddy River, which is one of the principal rivers in Asia. The Chindwin basin is economically and ecologically important for the development of the country as a whole. With its tributaries, the Chindwin is a major transport artery, and it also connects the basin with the main economically developed areas of the country. In the Chindwin catchment, there are key biodiversity areas such as the Hukaung Valley and the Htamanthi wildlife sanctuaries, as well as major conservation areas such as the Upper Chindwin Catchment Corridor and the Lower Chindwin Forest Corridor which are endowed with an important population of critically endangered animals (NCEA 2009).
With an inadequate density of 20,000 km2 per station, the Chindwin River is experiencing frequent flood hazards, the challenging natural factor relating to its important role in national social-economy. According to the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, Myanmar, since 1965 flood occurrences in the Chindwin basin are the highest in July and August, contributing 72% of the total number of floods in the basin. Severe floods hit the Chindwin basin every year at one place or another due to high rainfall intensities during the southwest monsoon. Recent flood disasters are threatening property, assets, human lives and ecological biodiversity in the region. Although the stream flows of other tributaries across the entire ca...
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... basin area layers.
As a major contributing factor in flood generating, the rainfall isohyetal map was prepared by using rainfall data at 34 locations; 11 of these are observed stations in the catchment with a daily record of 46 years (1965-2011). Mean annual rainfall data for the remaining stations were available from the WorldClim-Global Climate Data (http://www.worldclim.org). An ordinary Kriging method with GIS was applied to produce the mean annual rainfall. A geostatistical method, Kriging uses weights from surrounding measured values for predicting values at unmeasured locations. The Kriging estimation is expressed as follows:
F = ∑_(i=1)^n▒W_i f_i (2)
Where F is the prediction of the continuous variable of interest (f), n the number of scatter points, fi the observed value at the point i, and W is the weighting coefficient to each scattered point.
Case study: the flooding that occurred in Minden Hills in the spring of 2013, flooded the downtown core. The picturesque cottage town has the Gull River flowing through it. The river overflowed in April because of many reasons: a couple of days of rain, the third largest amount in over a century, but it also happened because the frost in the ground stopped the water from going into the Earth, the lakes and rivers being full from the spring thaw, and the rapid
In Southern China, the Yangzi River provides transportation and irrigation throughout China. The Yangzi River, also referred to as “China’s blessing,” rarely floods and creates a warm, long growing season. The land around the river is lush and ideal conditions to grow vegetables, fruits, and grains. In contrast, the Yellow River of the North is essentially opposite. The river is often referred to as “China’s sorrow.” The weather is cold and dry and it leads to harsh seasons with drought, flooding, and frost.
References: Mairson, Alan, "The Great Flood of '93," National Geographic, vol. 93, pages 93-93. 185 (January 1994), pp. 187-187. 42-81. The s. National Biological Service, Department of the Interior, "Environmental Management Technical Center," http://www.emtc.nbs.gov (1996).
Currently, over half of the world’s population lives in urban based areas (Owrangi et al, 2014), and this increase in population is expected to contribute to further increases in flood risks (ibid). Vancouver has achieved rapid socioeconomic development due to the increased employment opportunities and growth rates, directly stressing local natural resources by increasing population and urbanization (Owrangi et al, 2014).
Grains, vegetables, and fruit produced from the floods are what fed the families and also brought in wealth and other resources from trading them. In Egypt, the Nile River flooded between August and October. The flood deposited nutrient-rich mud that was called “black mud”. The soil was so damp and rich the Egyptians hardly needed to work it. They could drop the seed and lightly stomp their feet for the seed to sink down and begin to grow. The Mesopotamians had a much harder time controlling the water coming from the annual flood. According to the Kagan Textbook, the people had to build dikes to keep the rivers from flooding the fields in the spring and for storage purposes for use of it in autumn. The floods shaped how water was controlled and utilized within the civilizations whether they needed to let the water run free or build waterways to keep it
Retinal vessel segmentation is important for the diagnosis of numerous eye diseases and plays an important role in automatic retinal disease screening systems. Automatic segmentation of retinal vessels and characterization of morphological attributes such as width, length, tortuosity, branching pattern and angle are utilized for the diagnosis of different cardiovascular and ophthalmologic diseases. Manual segmentation of retinal blood vessels is a long and tedious task which also requires training and skill. It is commonly accepted by the medical community that automatic quantification of retinal vessels is the first step in the development of a computer-assisted diagnostic system for ophthalmic disorders. A large number of algorithms for retinal vasculature segmentation have been proposed. The algorithms can be classified as pattern recognition techniques, matched filtering, vessel tracking, mathematical morphology, multiscale approaches, and model based approaches. The first paper on retinal blood vessel segmentation appeared in 1989 by Chaudhuri et al. [21]...
The native niche of the Burmese python are Southeast Asia including Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, southern China, and Indonesia. Also, it originated from g...
The rise in temperature is having a significant impact on levels of rainfall, which in turn effects water run-off. Satellite observations since 1987 have shown that, as global temperatures have increased, global mean precipitation has increased in parallel at a rate of 7.4 ± 2.6% per ◦C ...
Rhine Flooding Case Study Introduction: - The River Rhine is one of Europe's largest and most used waterways. The source of this great river can be found in the Swiss Alps, where it stretches 1,320km until it flows out into the Dutch North Sea. The Rhine has a long history of intense flooding and recent devastating floods in the 1990's have caused considerable damage and are well remembered by the local population. [IMAGE] Causes: - The causes of these forceful floods can be traced back to a number of different things including human factors such as deforestation, the greenhouse effect (this is show by the facts stating the 1°C temperature rise in southern Germany and the winter precipitation in the Rhine catchment increasing by 40%) and the straightening of the Rhine for commercial purposes.
Between 300 and 400 million people worldwide live in areas near wetlands and depend on them. Wetlands are mechanisms for treatment of wastewater are extremely efficient because they absorb chemicals and filter pollutants and sediments. Half the world's wetlands have disappeared due to urbanization and industrial development. The only way to achieve sustainable development and poverty reduction will be through better management of rivers and wetlands, and the land they drain and drain as well as through increased investment in them.
Flooding is an ongoing challenge in regional Victoria and it is expected to affect Victoria every 10-20 years. Victoria consists of 39 drainage basins and each of the basins comprises of rivers and streams (Comrie, 2011, pp.17). These rivers and streams are susceptible to flooding, which may impact various regional towns and communities within close proximity to water courses (Comrie, 2011, pp.17). The discussion of flooding is vital, as it is the most frequent occurring natural hazard, which affects approximately 520 million people per year Moore et al.2012, pp.1). Additionally, flooding is responsible for the lives of approximately 25,000 people every year and cost the global economy approximately $50- 60 billion per year (Moore et al.2012,
In 1970, East Pakistan, about the size of Wisconsin, had a substantial population of 66 million, meaning that each square kilometer holds about 400 people (Disaster 174). It is located precisely where two large river systems, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, unite to form the biggest delta in the world, the Ganges River Delta. A delta is a triangular deposit of sediment at the mouth of a river, naturally where it diverges. The two rivers conduct silt from as far as the Himalayas to the floodplains of Bangladesh, which are about 1,200 miles apart. Being one of the world’s most fertile croplands, the floodplain is densely populated. Farmers are forced to move farther and farther out into the delta, triggering them to face the perilous monsoon season, which is from June to October. One third of East Pakistan is no more than twenty feet above sea level, maximizing the death toll of life-threatening storms (History 3). The a...
whereβ the intercept 0 and β the slope 1 are unknown constants and ε is a random error component .
Myanmar consists of six diverse regions, divided into the Central Lowlands, the Tenasserim, the Shan Plateau, the Northern and Western Mountains, and Arakan (Silverstein). The Central Lowlands contain the upper Irrawaddy and Chindwin Rivers. Along the banks of these rivers are permanent communities and developed agriculture. The Tenasserim is Myanmar’s coastal area between the Andaman Sea and the country’s southeastern border. This region is vital for its tin resources, fisheries, and rubber. The third region of Myanmar is the Shan Plateau. This area includes the eastern uplands that rise from the central plain, narrowing southward into the Tenasserim. The northern uplands have an average elevation of approximately 3,000 feet, and are watered by the Salween and...
Humans can expand their knowledge to adapt the changing environment. To do that they must “learn”. Learning can be simply defined as the acquisition of knowledge or skills through study, experience, or being taught. Although learning is an easy task for most of the people, to acquire new knowledge or skills from data is too hard and complicated for machines. Moreover, the intelligence level of a machine is directly relevant to its learning capability. The study of machine learning tries to deal with this complicated task. In other words, machine learning is the branch of artificial intelligence that tries to find an answer to this question: how to make computer learn?