The seventeenth century was undeniably a period of great division, war and turmoil for Hungary. After the events of the previous century, Hungary remained divided into three distinct areas. The largest was Ottoman Hungary, under the direct control of Constantinople, which encompassed the south and south-east of Hungary. Second, there was the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom founded by János Zápolyai in 1526, who after the defeat of the Hungarian forces at the First Battle of Mohács sought the support of Sultan Suleiman I to be crowned King of Hungary by a rival faction of the nobility and became the Sultan’s vassal. After 1571, with the coronation of István Báthory, this Kingdom became the Principality of Transylvania which was semi-autonomous with Habsburgs and Ottomans vying for control. Lastly there was Royal Hungary, the only part of Hungary still under Habsburg control in this period. It consisted of the western and north-western areas that had been secured by Ferdinand I after being declared King of Hungary by the pro-Habsburg part of the noblity in 1526. This division remained the status quo into the seventeenth century. In this essay, it will be argued that due to this division the Habsburgs found it impossible to consolidate power in Hungary as well as a variety of other factors such as, confessional divisions in Hungary opposed to the Catholic dynasty, Habsburg priorities resting in religious conflict in Germany and securing influence in the Mediterranean from Ottoman and French fleets, Habsburg involvement in the Thirty Years War and the revived Franco-Ottoman Alliance. All these factors together ensured that the Habsburg would not gain control of Hungary until 1699.
The first factor that should be argued is the lasting d...
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...bargaining position, which led to the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. Under the treaty, Sultan Mustafa II was forced to make peace and give up all the territory conquered after 1526 to the Habsburgs, mainly Hungary. Finally, the Habsburgs controlled Hungary but could not consolidate their power until 1711 when Transylvania became ruled by Habsburg governors. However through the entirety of the period 1600-1700, the Habsburgs were unable to cement their rule in Hungary due to factors listed above.
Works Cited
E. Pamlényi, History of Hungary (Budapest, 1973)
D. Sinor, History of Hungary (London, 1959)
R. A. Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526-1918 (Los Angeles, 1974)
C. M. Kortepeter, Ottoman Imperialism during the Reformation (New York, 1972)
M. Cook, A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730 (London, 1976)
C. V. Wedgwood, The Thirty Years War (Yale, 1939)
To solidify his thesis, the author explains how life was like during these times, how major events developed and how important roles took their place in history during the medieval age.
middle of paper ... ... toughton, 2004 H Livermore, A History of Spain, George Allen & Unwin, 1966 C Martin & G Parker, The Spanish Armada, Penguin Press, 1988 T.A. Morris, England and Europe in the Sixteenth Century, Routlidge, 1998 C Pendrill, Spain 1474 - 1700, Heinemann, 2002 J Plaidy, The Spanish Inquisition, Fletcher & Son Ltd, 1978 W. H. Prescott, reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic, George Allen & Unwin, 1962 --------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] R. Trevor Davies, The Golden Century of Spain, Macmillan & Co Ltd, 1964, pg 23 [2] Henry Kamen, Spain's Road to Empire, Penguin Press, 2002, pg 305 [3] T.A. Morris, England and Europe in the Sixteenth Century, Routlidge, 1998, pg 119 [4] R. Trevor Davies, The Golden Century of Spain, Macmillan & Co Ltd, 1964,
This conquest was mostly between Russia and the Ottman Empire. Russia hoped by the end of the war they would gain back the territory lost in the Crimean wars. The war was unsuccessful for the Russian empire. Instead of new territories, a peace treaty was created between the two empires, named the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca; which essentially made Crimea an independent state. However, Crimea was invaded by Russia in 1783, despite the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, which was substantially designed to bring peace to the Russian and the Ottoman Empire. Catherine's annex of Crimea gave The Russian control over the new land was important because it was a fertile location to grow crops on.
In the mid 18th century many different powers in Europe were trying to spread their influence and gain global power. However, this was not without difficulty. There were many regional issues that these powers needed to overcome such as economic complications, struggles with native and conquered peoples, and competing with other European powers.
the throne to Prussia, and in less than a year ordered his troops to take
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...s it liable and unique. It is descriptive and provides a lot of information but in the same time it is also analytical because it presents different aspects and primary sources of the Serb’s history. The parts of the book which relate to the origins of the First World War and the Balkan crisis are focused on the conflict between Serbia and Austria-Hungary, so it does not analyze all origins of the War, but it does analyze in depth the influence of Balkan nationalism for the outbreak and provides a large number of evidences for his arguments. The book compares and contrasts political and cultural history of Serbs and it is credible and objective. Relating to the First World War he also provides many primary sources and perspectives of different scholars. The book is authoritative and it is easy to notice that Corovic is an acknowledged expert on the subject.
There was a long-standing rivalry between Austria-Hungary and Russia due to their interests in the Balkans. Russia saw her role as leading and supporting her fellow Slav peoples in the Balkans. This Pan-Slav concept provided an ideal excuse to interfere in the Balkans and to extend Russia's influence towards the Eastern Mediterranean. Ideally Russia wished to open the Dardenelles straits to its warships. Austria-Hungary was concerned that this Russian encouragement of nationalism may threaten her borders and inspire nationalism within her own empire. In turn, Germany recognised that as Austria's closest ally her fate was linked with that of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Austria-Hungary was anxious to prevent Russian encroachment in the Balkans. This aim would be best served by the elimination of Serbia, Russia's Balkan ally. In 1878, Russia was humiliated at the Congress of Berlin when her proposal for a Greater Bulgarian state was rejected and Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia to maintain order amongst the nationalist revolts.
Within 1650 to 1713 the Dutch Republic underwent a formidable transformation, which changed its status as a major influence in Europe. The Dutch Republic was a political union of seven provinces that was not only an impressive banking and commercial capital, but the Dutch also had a great navy as well. Additionally, the center of flourishment in the Dutch Republic was Amsterdam, which was the foremost trading and banking center in all of Europe. The changing environment of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries forced the Dutch Republic into a position of conflict and unbalance, which proved detrimental to their country as a whole. One of the first challenges to the Dutch Republic dealt with military and how countries, such as the English, wanted to snatch the Dutch’s profitable sea trade routes for themselves. As a result of military conflicts, the Dutch Republic’s economy decreased as a whole due to the fact that wars burdened the previously flourishing trade routes and wealthy cities. Another challenge to the Dutch Republic was unity and how Dutch cities began to doubt other provinces of loyalty to one another, which destroyed most efforts of unification for retaliation against the countries attacking the Dutch. Overall, the major decline of the Dutch Republic was a great example of when one part of a nation goes down, the rest of the nation followed suit.
From 1337 to 1453, kings and kingdoms of England and France faced a long struggle for the right of the throne. Although there were many conflicts that led up to this war, two main factors are greatly considered. “There were two main factors that laid the origin of the conflict: status of duchy Guyenne, though it belonged to the kings of England. It remained a fief of the French crown, and the kings of England wanted independent
...and military restrictions were implemented. Armenia, and various other independent states were established as a result of the treaty. The empire lost about 80 percent of its original landmass, and eventually declined and fell entirely.
A. "The Ottomans: The 17th and 18th Centuries." Washington State University - Pullman, Washington, D.C. 1996. The 'Standard' of the 'Standard'. Web. The Web.
The Reformation spurred a wave of political devolution throughout Europe in the early 1500s, the most obvious example being that of the Holy Roman Empire. Although the nobility of the Holy Roman Empire had managed to keep hold of its power throughout a time of political unification, the Reformati...