Albumin is a common protein in humans important for checking the health and detecting diseases. With a molecular weight of 65,000 and a density of 3.5-5.0 g/dL, it is made in the liver and released into the blood [1] [2]. Albumin has varieties of function. It maintains homeostasis to balance the amount of blood in the blood vessels [2] [4]. Albumin has a globular structure therefore it can form a colloid when mixed with water. Albumin is used for transporting drugs, lipids, and hormones by colloid osmotic pressure. Most colloid osmotic pressure comes from albumin [4]. Colloid osmotic pressure help to bind to both endogenous and exogenous substances. Drugs and other substances bind to albumin in the bloodstream so that the drug bound albumin can transport to the liver in order to make the drugs and substances less toxic to the target tissues and the water soluble substances. A lower count of albumin can result in a diseased state [4]. Albumin also can affect platelet system in the body. It can control blood clotting by binding arachidonic acid. This decrease production of thromboxane A2 and the activity of antithrombin increases and terminate clotting [1]. Blood clotting is important because it maintain permeability through vessels. Albumin is also important factor for metabolizing and detoxification drug and substances in our body [4].
There are several reasons for the decrease of albumin functionality in the body. This usually happens when it is accompanied by a disease. Decreased albumin levels results from the body’s lowered production of protein and therefore a decreased amount of albumin [2]. Most commonly, low albumin can derived from low intake of protein. Malnutrition of protein can result in loss album...
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.... Susan G.Hackner, BVSc.MRCVS.DACIM.DACVECC. PLASMA ALBUMIN TRANSFUSION: INDICATIONS AND CONTROVERSIES. Cornell Univeristy University Veterinary Specialists
2. Ashley. "Causes of Low Albumin Level in Blood." Medical Health Tests Causes of Low Albumin Level in Blood Comments. N.p., 28 Jan. 2010. Web. 10 Nov. 2013.
3. "Hypoalbuminemia (Low Albumin)." Managing Side Effects. The Scott Hamilton CARES Initiative, n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2013.
4. Hankins, Judy BSN,CRNI. The Role of Albumin in Fluid and Electroylte Balance. The Intravenous Nurses Society Volume 29(5), September/October 2006, p250-265
5. Ruben Peralta, MD, FACS. "Hypoalbuminemia Treatment & Management."Hypoalbuminemia Treatment & Management. N.p., 30 July 2012. Web. 10 Nov. 2013.
6. "Common Drugs and Medications to Treat Hypoalbuminemia." WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2013.
7. Clinical Pharmacology. Nov. 10.2013
The chemistry test shows the levels of electrolytes found in the blood: sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus, magnesium and calcium. Imbalances in these electrolytes can cause complications, which especially in the case of potassium, can be deadly. Also shown by the chemistry test, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels can show how well the patient’s kidneys are functioning in filtering waste from the blood. Trauma and blood loss can affect how the kidney’s function not only in filtering waste, but also in acid-base balance, and balancing electrolyte levels. Another marker of kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate, which measures the rate filtrate is created by the glomerulus of the kidney (Winkelman, 2016). This is controlled by the kidneys themselves, meaning changes in the function of the kidneys can lead to an altered filtration rate (Winkelman, 2016). Lactic acid is measured by the chemistry test also, and an increase in lactic acid can signify acidosis caused by the lactic acid being formed by cells that do not have adequate oxygen to process glucose for energy (Workman, 2016). This decrease in available oxygen could be caused by damage to or impairment of the lungs. Carbon-dioxide, which is also measured by the chemistry test, can show
Heart Failure Overview WebMD Reviewed by Thomas M. Maddox, MD on May 28, 2012 http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/heart-failure/heart-failure-overview
H/H 9.9/31.2 B/P 135/55 HR 103 R 24 O2 sat 94 Hospitalist M324 responded to the code, patient intubated by ED physician E093. ABG DONE-PH 6.87 CO2 125 O2 44 HCO3 22, the patient received 1 amp of Bi carb for the acidosis.
Total serum calcium is bound to the albumin molecule and is considered inactive. Consequently, it is noted, when the level of albumin is decreased, the level of total calcium is also
Toland, Amanda. "Costs of Genetic Testing." Costs of Genetic Testing. Latest Medical Inc., 2011. 28 Apr. 2014.
Upon evaluation of the patient, who is a 19 years old female admitted to Emergency Department complaining of headache and confusion due to increased ingestion of water during a pledging a sorority. In clustering and analyzing the data in the scenario such as the laboratory result: Sodium122mEq (low), Potassium 3.6 mEq/L, Calcium 10 mg/dL, Magnesium 2 mg/dL, Chloride: 100 mEq/L, Phospate: 2 mEq/L, (Treas & Willkinson, 2014), assessment of the patient on objective data she has poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, and orthostatic hypotension as well as complaining of headache, abdominal cramping a subjective data
After conducting our experiment, when looking at our data sheet we found that our hypothesis involving albumin being able to diffuse through the 200 MWCO was not proven. albumin was the one solute that was not able to pass through any of the membranes. This could have been due to albumin being the molecule with the largest molecular weight amongst the other molecules involved. This included sodium chloride, urea, and glucose. In spite of this, glucose was able to successfully pass through specific membranes. In spite of this, glucose is an example of a molecule that may require
Insulin glargine (LANTUS) is a long-acting analog of human insulin that is produced following two alterations of human insulin. Two arginine residues are added to the C terminus of the B chain, and an asparagine molecule in position 21 on the A chain is replaced with glycine. Insulin glargine is a clear solution with a pH of
Glucagon is a hormone that works to increase blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, and the production of glucose from none carbohydrate pathways. Glucagon is an antagonist to insulin by making more glucose and keeping it available in the blood stream, whereas insulin works to transport glucose from the blood stream into tissue cells. Amylin is another hormone produce by beta cells. It is co-secreted with insulin and works to inhibit glucagon. Typically and dysfunction of insulin production is associated with a dysfunction in amylin production. Incretins are peptides found in the gastrointestinal tract. They are peptide hormones that are released in response to the intake of food. Incretins are responsible for the sensitivity of beta cells to blood glucose levels, and help improve insulin response to meals. These peptides bind to the beta cells and stimulate the production and release of insulin (McCance, 2010). A combination of multiple factors dysfunction is responsible for type 2 diabetes. When treating the disease, the number one priority to control glucose intake and decrease weight of the patient. A reduction in weight will result in a decrease in insulin need. Medications like metformin, pioglitazone, and glimepiride can also help to control blood glucose by working with
What Causes Overweight and Obesity?. (2012, July 13). National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Retrieved May 17, 2014, from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/obe/causes.html
Hypoglycemia is defined as when your blood glucose (sugar) levels are too low, (<70 mg/dL) [1]. It is most common in patients with diabetes when they have a mismatch of medication, food, and/or exercise. Non-diabetic hypoglycemia is rare condition in which patients that do not have diabetes have chronically low blood glucose. Non-diabetic hypoglycemia is broken into two classes: Reactive hypoglycemia (RH), and fasting hypoglycemia (FH), both of which can be determined by laboratory test results [2]. RH is generally caused by a combination of the timing and type of dietary intakes, in combination with the timing of subsequent exercise. Contributing factors of a RH episode include high training status, gender, timing and type of nutritional intake, hydration, previous hypoglycemic events, time of the day, anxiety/stress, blood pressure, and the athlete’s individual sensitivity to low glucose and counter-regulatory hormones of insulin and glucagon [3]. FH commonly happens early in the morning, after strenuous exercise, or an overnight fast [4]. There are three grades of hypoglycemia. Grade 1 is when the patient is able to detect and treat himself/herself. Grade 2 is when the patient is conscious but requires aid to take oral glucose. Grade 3 or severe hypoglycaemia is when the patient is unconscious, or unable to take oral glucose because of extreme disorientation [5]. Treatment for grad 3 hypoglycemia is either glucagon injection or intravenous glucose.
As part of the ADL assessment, nurses need to know what Earnest is eating and drinking. As a CKD patient Earnest needs to follow a restricted diet to avoid other complications derived from CKD as high blood pressure or anaemia. He also must record his fluid intake to know how his kidneys are working and how much fluid he is retaining. Due to the CKD, Earnest’s kidneys produce few EPO, the hormones that induce bone narrow to make red blood cells, whose will distribute oxygen to tissues and organs (Peate and Nair, 2011, p. 377). Haemodialysis can make him lose blood and nutrients as iron or acid folic that assist in the production of a protein called haemoglobin that carries the oxygen in the red blood cells. CKD patients have more changes to have a poorer nutritional status, which can lead into low albumin levels and anaemia. Both of them affect Earnest physically as they cause fatigue (due to less oxygen in brain and muscles) and increases the risk of infection (Bonner, Wellard, and Caltabiano, 2010) as it has already happened to
= Before conducting the experiment I would conduct a simple test for the protein by placing a sample of the albumen into a test tube and add biurett reagent. This contains copper (II) sulphate and sodium hydroxide.
Diabetes mellitus is one of the common diseases of the hormonal system. Diabetes is a disease caused by a number of factors such as due to complete or partial loss of insulin production or complete or partial loss of its action or both. Whatever the type of diabetes, the main feature of all types of diabetes is elevated level of blood glucose termed as hyperglycemia. A disease forming alterations in capillary’s basement membrane thickening, elevation of matrix of vessel wall and proliferation cell leading to the vascular complications such as narrowing of the lumen, and early atherosclerosis. Diabetes is found to be related with the elevated generation of atherosclerosis that affects the arteries involve in the circulation to the heart, brain and lower extremities. As well as diabetic myocardial disease, is one of the complications of diabetes. Diabetes founds to affect about 100 million people all over the world. The conditions of diabetes leading to the introduction and generation of microvascular disorder that is results by the destruction of the small blood vessels and macrovascular disorders that results by the destruction of arteries. In diabetic patient the major reason of inability and death is the vascular disease mainly atherosclerosis.
Hyponatremia is described as a serum sodium level that is anything less than 135mEq/L and is the most common occurring electrolyte disorder today (Chamberlain, 2012). In most cases, hyponatremia occurs due to an imbalance of water rather than sodium (Hinkle & Cheever, 2014). Symptoms and their severity are related to how quickly the condition develops and the degree of cerebral edema that results from the low serum level of sodium. Symptoms of hyponatremia include poor skin turgor, dry mucosa, headache, decreased saliva production, orthostatic drop in blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramping. Neurologic changes can also manifest themselves in altered mental status, status epilepticus, and coma; which may be to related to cellular swelling and cerebral edema (Hinkle & Cheever, 2014). The severity of these symptoms is related to how quickly the condition develops and the degree of cerebral edema that occurs (Chamberlain, 2012).