The Trade Descriptions Act 1968
The Trade Descriptions Act 1968 came into effect on 30 November 1968.
It replaced and expanded the old Merchandise Marks laws dealing with
mis-description of goods in general and its particular job is to
ensure, as far as possible, that people tell the truth about goods,
prices and services.
This Act makes it an offence if a trader -
a. Applies a false trade description to any goods; or
b. Supplies or offers to supply any goods to which a false trade
description is applied; or
c. Makes certain kinds of false statement about the provision of any
services, accommodation or
False Trade Description
For the purposes of this Act a trade description is an indication as
to any one of a number of matters listed in the Act. The quantity,
size or gauge of goods ('this bedspread is 70"x 90"). How they were
made or processed ('hand-sewn'). What they are made of ('solid
brass'). Their fitness for purpose, strength, performance, behaviour
or accuracy ('unbreakable'). Any other physical characteristics which
they possess ('fitted with disc brakes'). A statement that the goods
have been tested or approved by any person ('this encyclopaedia has
been approved by your local education authority'). Where they were
made ('made in England'). When they were made ('18th century mirror').
Who made them ('Van Gogh painting'). Any other information about their
history ('reconditioned: Government surplus stock').
To be an offence the indication must be false to a material degree. It
is not enough for it just to contain a quite insignificant inaccuracy.
It must be applied to the goods in question, whether in writing or by
means of an illustration, symbol or other marking on the goods
themselves, on containers, labels, show cards, in advertisements, etc,
or in an oral statement.
False indications by a trader of Royal patronage or approval of his
goods or services are also covered by the Act. So are false
indications that goods or services are of a kind supplied to any
... incident related to misuse of inventory to the manager. He can also be charged of planning to join the scheme later due to which he didn’t reported about the fraud.
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 can be termed as a major overhaul of the communications law in the past sixty-two years. The main aim of this Act is to enable any communications firm to enter the market and compete against one another based on fair and just practices (“The Telecommunications Act 1996,” The Federal Communications Commission). This Act has the potential to radically change the lives of the people in a number of different ways. For instance it has affected the telephone services both local and long distance, cable programming and other video services, broadcast services and services provided to schools. The Federal Communications Commission has actively endorsed this Act and has worked towards the enforcement and implementation of the various clauses listed in the document. The Act was basically brought into existence in order to promote competition and reduce regulation so that lower prices and higher quality services for the Americans consumers may be secured.
In 1906, the Pure Food and Drug Act, that was years in the making was finally passed under President Roosevelt. This law reflected a sea change in medicine-- an unprecedented wave of regulations. No longer could drug companies have a secret formula and hide potentially toxic substances such as heroin under their patent. The law required drug companies to specify the ingredients of medications on the label. It also regulated the purity and dosage of substances. Not by mere coincidence was the law passed only about five years after Bayer, a German based drug company began selling the morphine derivative, heroin. Thought to be a safe, non-habit forming alternative to morphine, heroin quickly became the “cure-all drug” that was used to treat anything from coughs to restlessness. Yet, just as quickly as it became a household staple, many began to question the innocence of the substance. While the 1906 law had inherent weaknesses, it signaled the beginning of the end for “cure-all” drugs, such as opiate-filled “soothing syrups” that were used for infants. By tracing and evaluating various reports by doctors and investigative journalists on the medical use of heroin, it is clear that the desire for this legislative measure developed from an offshoot in the medical community-- a transformation that took doctors out from behind the curtain, and brought the public into a new era of awareness.
Defense of the American colonies in the French and Indian War in the years 1754 -1763 and Pontiac's Rebellion in 1763-64 were unbearable to Great Britain. As a means of financing the activities, Prime Minister George Grenville hoped to recover some of these costs by taxing the colonists. The move came known as the Stamp Act of 1965 to be active from November 1956 though passed and enacted on 1964. The act came in place 11 years before America’s independence something that triggered American revolutionary action to oppose tax without representation. The act was passed by Britain parliament and it was to affect all Britain colonies. The essay will give insight of the degree of oppression of the Act to colonies, the radical responses, and American Revolutionary acts that are implicit against the Stamp Act.
The Stamp Act was an act that was passed by the British Parliament that was to go into effect on November 1st, 1765. This act was created to help pay the costs to govern and protect the American colonies. The Stamp Act required stamps to be placed on all legal and commercial documents and various articles. Many colonists did not want the act to be implemented. For that reason, Samuel Adams put together the Sons of Liberty to help abolish this law. Then the Stamp Act Congress was composed to completely repeal the act. The Stamp Act was one of the many taxes that the British Parliament put on the colonies as a source of wealth. This act made it necessary for colonists to put stamps on almost all written documents and other various articles.
Required colonists to buy stamped paper for all of their legal documents, license, newspaper, pamphlet, and almanac and had special “Stamp duties” on packages of playing cards and dice.
In the Virginia Stamp Act Resolutions of 1765 the Virginia colonists state their grievances against the newly charged Stamp Act issued by Parliament. Patrick Henry creates a set of resolves against the Stamp Act to deem it formally unconstitutional in the colonist’s eyes. Henrys resolves address the issue of Parliament unjustly taxing the colonists. The five resolves state that the colonists should be treated as fellow Britons in the mother country and they should have the same “liberties, privileges, and immunities.” They are Englishmen and should be treated as such. The Virginia Resolutions to the Stamp Act were crucial in the development of the idea of independence for the American Colonists because it created the principle of no taxation without representation and the understanding that Parliament was running unconstitutionally.
Making false or misleading statements with the purpose of securing goods or services under the Workers' Compensation Act;
...useless car to a junk yard to recover some loss, but the difference of the re-sale of the junk-car would be a significant loss. Though there were no adequate assurances to the contract, anticipatory repudiation is the only probable remedy for Jack. However, the outcome would weigh on the predominant factor test, which is met because Tom is covered as a merchant because he is operating in his usual daily business, and Jack is the buyer. The sole purpose of the contract was for Tom to sell Jack a car, and for Jack to buy a car from Tom. The UCC, though less stringent than the statute of frauds, does effectively regulate commercial transfers allowing the free market to operate without diminishing the integrity of trade.
In the article “Conditions of Trade,” Michael Baxandall explains that fifteenth-century Italian art is a “deposit” resulting from the commercial interaction between the artist and the purchaser, who he refers to as a client. These works, as such, are “fossils of economic life,” and money, and they play an important role in the history of art. In our current perception of the relationship between the artist and art, “painters paint what they think is best, and then look around for a buyer” . However in the past, especially during the Renaissance period, the customers determined the content and form of paintings, as it was them who commissioned the work before it was created. He states that the artists and clients were interconnected and a legal agreement was drawn up specifying subject matter, payment scheme and the quality and quantity of colors, which would influence the artist’s painting style. Baxandall not only looks at the explanation of the style of painting that reflects a society, but also engages in the visual skills and habits that develop out of daily life. The author examines the situations between the painter and client within the commercial, religious, perceptual, and social institutions, centrally focusing on markets, materials, visual practices, and the concept of the Renaissance period, which saw art as an institution. Baxandall notes that Renaissance paintings also relate to the clients’ motives through such ways as possession, self-commemoration, civic consciousness, and self-advertisement. The author considers works of a wide variety of artistic painters, for instance, Filippo Lippi, Fra Angelico, Stefano di Giovanni, Sandro Botticelli, Luca Signorelli, and numerous others. He defines and exemplifies fiftee...
The first extensive code of mercantile regulations was the Acts of Trade and Navigation which established three main rules for colonial trade. First, trade between the colonies and England could only be transported on English or colonial-built ships, operated by English or colonial crews; second that all goods, excluding some perishables, could only pass through English ports; third, certain enumerated goods from the colonies could only be exported to England, including tobacco and sugar. The only positive effect of this act was that English military forces protected the colonies from potential threats from rivaling countries. Similar acts to those of trade and navigation, such as the Staple Act of 1663, the Duty Act of 1673, and the Wool Act of 1699 limited trade of goods such as indigo and wool and forced the payment of duties.... ... middle of paper ...
S.6(2) states that as against a person dealing as consumer, liability for breach of the obligations arising from ss.13, 14 or 15 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979 (seller's implied undertakings as to conformity of goods with description or sample, or as to their quality or fitness for a particular purpose) cannot be excluded or restricted by reference to any contract term.
International Trade Law Case Study Introduction International trade transaction is essential for the sale of goods with the addition of an international element. In practice, the seller and buyer are in different countries where the goods must travel from the seller’s country to the buyer’s country by various means of transports. In international sale of goods, they usually transit the goods by sea because of the international transactions. Therefore, contracts for the carriage of those goods must be procured between the seller or buyer and common carrier depending on different types of sale of contracts. Moreover, in most of incidences, the agreed goods are usually insured at a reasonable amount in case of being loss or damaged during the transit.
In the absence of trade secret laws, the costs to firms to protect their trade secrets would be substantial. Some relatively minor costs would be for example security passes, but more expensive would be for example hiring only family members in order to increase the trust or to reduce the number of the people in some sections, thus leading to inefficiency. When the trade secret law protection is ideal, the companies can spend less money on securing the trade secrets from theft and espionage, which reduces indirect costs. Optimal trade secret laws increases the expected cost of stealing to the unlawful acquiring and this conclusively reduces the private investments in security measures. The increased costs of stealing may lead to companies
'subject to this Act, when goods are sold by a person who is not their