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results of The Stroop Effect Experiment
stroop effect and its variations
the deeper understanding of the stroop effect
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Recommended: results of The Stroop Effect Experiment
The Stroop Effect Comparing Color Word Labels and Color Patch Labels
Abstract
The current study examined four components of the Stroop effect using
a manual word response and a manual color response. The major focus
being the three semantic components – semantic relatedness, semantic
relevance and response set membership, that contributes to the Stroop
interference. The results indicated that there was a response set
membership effect in both the manual word response and manual color
response, suggesting that interference occurs in the lexicon system
when a manual word response is used and interference was located at a
late selection stage, for manual color response. Glaser & Glaser
(1989) have suggested interference in the lexical system when a vocal
response is required, but no interference using a manual response,
and that manual responses output via the semantic system. Sugg &
McDonald (1994) suggested from their findings that when a manual word
response is used it is output via the lexical system, and when a
manual color response is required it is output through the semantic
system. Sharma & McKenna tested these theories and found interference
in the manual word response, but not in manual color response,
therefore suggesting that lexical, semantic relatedness, and semantic
relevance effects are located in the lexical system and response set
membership effect was located in at a response selection stage.
The Stroop effect comparing color word labels and color patch labels.
The classical Stroop effect (Stroop, 1935) which has been extensively
investigated since its publication in 1935, entailed the participant
to name the ink color in which a word or letter string were written.
Interference in naming the ink color becomes evident when the word is
a word associated with color, ex. red written in blue ink. This Stroop
phenomenon has proven to be robust against more than 700 Stroop
related articles (see MacLeod, 1991 for a full review). The
traditional Stroop effect used verbal responses with five colors, red,
green, blue, purple and brown. Stroop (1935) conducted 2 experiments,
Throughout the course of the Wonderful Wizard of Oz L. Frank Baum implements the use of colors in order to give the readers a sense of urgency whether it symbolizes the danger of the situation which Dorothy and her group are facing or it simply represents the different people in the land of Oz, as they are all very different. Color also plays an important part in both the setting and tone of the story. From the very beginning L. Frank Baum uses colors to highlight the sharp contrast between the land of Oz and Kansas he does so by describing Kansas as a dull, and life less gray place as opposed to the vibrant and colorful Oz, not only did he highlight physical changes but by describing these two very different places the author also manages
The nature of the Stroop effect results as a consequence of automaticity. People have difficulty ignoring the meaning of a word because, through practice, reading has become an automatic process. The two main explanations accounting for the Stroop effect in the past have been cognitive attentional processes involved in learning, controlled and automatic. As previously mentioned, when a process is automatic (for example reading), it is not only faster; it also does not rely on other cognitive resources. Controlled processes, for example color naming, are slow and demand more attentional resources. The theory is that an automatic process cannot successfully suppressed without causing interference of a controlled process. The second explanation, relative speed of processing, argues that the two processes involved in color naming and word reading are accomplished in parallel, but that word reading is carried out faster, assuming that the faster process will then interfere with the slower ones such as color naming (Dunbar and McLeod, 1984 as cited in Mel, 1997)
The study of synesthesia has grown exponentially over the past few decades and as a result there is some level of ambiguity as to the scope of what defines it. Gail Martino and Lawrence Mark propose that synesthesia can be categorized into strong or weak. The former refers to those who experience “a vivid image in one sensory in response to stimulation in another”, whereas the latter is characterized as “cross-sensory correspondence[s] expressed through language, perceptual similarity and perceptual interactions during information processing” (Martino and Marks, 2001). This view implies that even the subtlest forms of cross-modal interactions that take place in the individual, albeit associating certain sounds to sight, deserve some credibility as being a form of synesthesia. Such a wide scope implies that far more people can experience some type of synesthesia even if its not necessarily the more exaggerated and rare forms like lexical-gustatory and grapheme color.
In 1896, in Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that separate but equal accommodations for blacks and whites were constitutional. Seven years before the doctrine was overturned, in 1954, Jackie Robinson signed a contract with the major leagues; he defined his experience as being “a black man in a white world” (279). With the separate but equal doctrine still in place, how was Jackie Robinson able to land a contract with the major leagues, and what role did he play in the Civil Rights Movement?
Tremblay, S., Nicholls, A. P., Alford, D., & Jones, D. M. (2000c). The irrelevant sound effect: Does speech play a special role? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(6), 1750-1754. doi:doi:10.1037/0278-7393.26.6.1750
Women haven’t but recently really been consider equal to men. In the past it was even worse, not to even mention if you were a black woman you were even less so then the white women. The Color Purple is about a story of two sister that were separated when they were young , they were once best friends. Celie was the older sister that was abused by her father and what considered ugly and sent to marry and man to clean and cook for him. Netti the younger sister was considered a prize a beautiful girl that all the men wanted. One day they got separated by Celie’s abusive husband and didn’t see each other for over twenty years. During this time there was lots of
One hundred and forty two undergraduate students participated in a levels-of-processing experiment on the basis of Craik & Tulving’s (1975) famous model. Participants were presented with shallow, intermediate or semantic words within 60 judgment trials, followed by a recognition test of 120 trials containing half of the original words. The findings suggest that participants recognized the semantic words better compared to the shallow and intermediate words; this proposes that by the use of attention, semantic processing leads to a stronger memory trace. Possible explanations and future research regarding levels of processing are discussed.
As a child growing up, I always knew I did not see colors the same way other kids did. It was not until I was older, and had an eye injury, that it was realized that I was color blind. When I would tell my peers that I was color blind I always got questions like, “What color is my shirt?” and “What color is the sky?’ These questions soon became annoying, and I stopped telling people I was color blind because I do see colors. I have problems distinguishing between the colors blue and purple, red and green, red and orange, green and brown, and so on. It is the hues that are a problem for me
Appearing in the 1903, The Souls of Black folk had emerged, a collection of 14 proses, written by one of the single most intellectual blacks in America, W. E.B. DuBois (Oxford Companion). This dynamic collection of essays reflect on African American history, sociology, religion, politics, and music. DuBois begins saying “The problem of the 20th century is the color line (5). This quote pronounces DuBois bases for his collection, that is being different form the others (Whites) makes you feel like you are being shut out from their world by a vast veil; hence the color line(8). On the other had we have Birth of a Nation, which comes out later in 1915 (TCM). Ironically it becomes the top selling film in White America during that time, but degrades everything that DuBois and another activist stood for. While DuBois hopes to educate White and Black America on their boundaries, the color line, the film’s director, D.W. Griffith, undermines these ideas. Defiling images of African Americans by distorting the perception of Blacks using stereotypical examples such as the mammies, mulattos, and bucks, Griffith tries to justify that blacks were inferior to Whites. In spite of the many controversies that are expressed in the film, it had become a known as the most innovative, American Epics and was a top seller during its time because of Griffith’s technical breakthrough and format. While comparing and contrasting these two pieces I hope to reveal to you this why this ‘double consciousness’ exist, even todays society as a result of these stereotypes displayed in “The Birth of a Nation.”
This demonstrated in an experiment by John Ridley Stroop (1935) where he investigated the how well student participants were able to state the color of the word rather than reading the word itself. The researcher predicted that naming the color of the word takes longer and is more prone to errors than when the color of the ink matches the name of the color. In the experiment participants were given a ten word sample before the first reading of each test. At the beginning of each test t...
Craik and Tulving did a series of experiments on the depth of processing model. They had participants use a series of processing methods to encode words at different levels; shallow, moderate, and deep. The subjects were shown a series of words and ask questions about the words that would provide a "yes" or "no" response. At the shallow level they were asked questions about whether or not the word was written in capital letters. At the moderate level of processing, the subject was asked questions as to whether or not two words rhymed. Finally, the subjects were asked about words in sentences and whether or not they fit. This was the deep level of processing. After participants had completed the task they were then given a surprise recognition test with the words that they were just asked questions on (target words) and then words that they have never seen before (distraction words). The results of the experiment showed that people remembered the words better that were at deeper level of processing (Craik and Tulving 1975).
Marlon T. Riggs’ video, Color Adjustment, offers the viewer an exciting trip though the history of television, focusing on the representation, or lack thereof, of African-Americans. A perfectly chosen combination of television producers, actors, sociologists, and cultural critics join forces to offer insight and professional opinion about the status of African-Americans in television since the inception of television itself. As Color Adjustment traces the history of television shows from Amos n’ Andy and Julia to "ghetto sitcoms" and The Cosby Show, the cast of television professionals and cultural critics discuss the impacts those representations have on both the African-American community and our society as a whole. Color Adjustment continually asks the question: "Are these images positive?" This video raises the viewer’s awareness about issues of positive images for African-Americans on television.
I chose this question as the topic of response bias project because I wanted to figure out how using unfamiliar or uncertain words affect subjects’ answer and to demonstrate the effect of both the response and wording of the question bias.
Cunillera, Toni, Càmara, Estela, Laine, Matti, & Rodríguez-Fornells, Antoni. (2010). Words as anchors: Known words facilitate statistical learning. Experimental Psychology, 57(2), 134-141. doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000017
The study of the mental lexicon deals with how words are acquired, comprehended, organized, stored, retrieved, and produces. The term “mental lexicon” is used interchangeably with what some scholars refer to as “internal lexicon” (Bonin, 2004). It involves the different processes and activations done in the brain in order to store the words and form an internal memory which functions as a mental dictionary. Psychologist and linguists who are concerned with this study believe that words are stored in relation to their phonological, semantic, syntactic and even orthographical features.