In addition to the importance of knowing the effects of substrates on a given phenotype, it is also important to note the effects of inducers and inhibitors of CYP enzymes. Medications that are either inhibitors or inducers of a CYP enzyme can change a person’s given phenotype by increasing or decreasing the protein’s metabolic capabilities. For example, a PM for CYP2D6 who receives an inhibitor of 2D6, such as the antiarrhythmic quinidine, will have greatly increased metabolism of dextromethorphan, a substrate of 2D6. Interestingly, this mechanism is used in the treatment of pseudobulbar affect, a symptom associated with numerous neurological conditions. In treating this disorder, the therapeutic agent dextromethorphan, often used as a cough suppressant, is paired with the inhibiting quinidine to allow for greater amounts of dextromethorphan to build up within the body. Pseudobulbar affect (also known as PBA) has gained more attention in recent years, in part due to the memorable commercials for the …show more content…
al. One of the first widely-available tests to hit the market is AmpliChip, introduced by Roche in 2004 (Kaplan, 2011). This genetic assay tests for 29 different polymorphisms of CYP2D6, as well as two polymorphisms of CYP2C19. An experiment comparing the results of the AmpliChip test with those of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques found that the AmpliChip “is rapid, reliable, accurate and very easy to perform” (Rebsamen et. al., 2008). Numerous other tests for CYPs have been developed since the introduction of AmpliChip, including laboratory services and reports offered by Seryx-Signature Genetics and Genelex Corporation, Third Wave Technology’s Invader UGT1A1 assay, and GE Healthcare’s Codelink to name a few (Gates & Davies,
79%, were heterozygous. We concluded that it is possible to examine small amounts of DNA by
Physostigmine is a drug used for the treatment of severe anticholinergic syndrome. Such as nervous delirium, urinary reten...
In the field of genetics, the study of the effect of various genes is imperative in translation and interpretation. As genetic coding influences phenotypic expression, the analysis of specific genes and any polymorphisms are relevant in a clinical setting. One such example is that of personality traits, which are believed to be influenced by specific neurotransmitters, known as catecholamines. Catecholamines are chemicals released by the adrenal glands in response to stress, and operate dually as hormones and neurotransmitters within the body. Commonly, catecholamines mediate functions within the central nervous system, including those of emotional responses and motor control. Inclusive of dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine, the secretion and metabolism of these chemicals is thought to impact upon various mental functions and behaviours.
Teutch, S., & Tuckson, R. Department of Health & Human Services, (2008). U.S. system of oversight of genetic testing: A response to the charge of the secretary of health and human services. Retrieved from website: http://osp.od.nih.gov/sites/default/files/SACGHS_oversight_report.pdf
PBA is also known as Pseudobulbar Affect is a neurological condition that occurs in the brain, which has many symptoms that can be misdiagnosed, unfortunately it is incurable but there are medicines that can help. PBA is a condition which affects about 2 million people in America, some people do not even know they have it. The prefix pseudo means false,and the suffix bulbar refers to the brain stem, the word affect describes the person’s emotions. The symptoms of PBA are uncontrollable laughter and/ or crying. One of the diseases that can be misdiagnosed with PBA is depression. People with PBA act as if they have depression because of frequency of crying, they do not because there are certain factors that can distinguish people with PBA and a person without PBA.
It is clear from both animal experiments[3] and from human conditions (notably narcolepsy and multi-system degenerative
NIH, National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2015). Cyclothymic Disorder, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Web. 22 July 2015. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002517
"Testing Children for Genetic Status." Ama-assn.org. American Medical Association, 1995. Web. 2 Feb. 2014. .
National Institute of Health. (2013). Genetic Testing. Retrieved from U.S. National Library of Medicine, Medline Plus website: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/genetictesting.html
Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent used in the treatment of lymphoma, carcinomas and sarcomas in dogs. It is increasingly being used in ‘metronomic’ chemotherapy protocols.[1] Cyclophosphamide is a prodrug that requires oxidation in the liver to form the active metabolites which are in turn are converted to phosphoramide mustard and acrolein.[2] Phosphoramide mustard causes DNA damage and acrolein has inflammatory effects. Like many chemotherapy agents, cyclophosphamide may cause myelosuppression, gastrointestinal upset and alopecia; however, unlike most chemotherapy agents, it also carries the risk of sterile haemorrhagic cystitis (SHC). This leads to haemorrhage and fibrosis of the bladder epithelium.[3, 4] The mechanism with which cyclophosphamide
Although the biological treatment of drug therapy, physical therapy, and nutrition therapy will begin to produce desired results towards a cure, the prognosis for recovery from this disorder would be greatly enhanced by a combination of behavioral, cognitive, and drug therapies. Patients who receive a combination of such therapies yield greater relief from their symptoms than do singular approaches alone (Kordon et al., 2005).
Ongoing studies suggest there could be a correlation to malfunctioning genes that produce significant chemicals in the brain, which are responsible for the d...
The ‘halo effect’ is a term used in social psychology. It is the idea that global evaluations about a person fall over into your judgments about their specific traits (Dean, 2007) The Halo Effect is basically noticing one good characteristic in a person and assuming they possess other good characteristics, it tends to give us a biased judgment based on appearance. The halo effect affects our lives in a lot of different ways without us even realizing it. I have witnessed the halo effect happen to me personally in numerous ways.
Coughlin, S. S. (2002). Future challenges for research on diagnostic tests: genetic tests and disease prevention. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 56(5), 335-336. doi:10.1136/jech.56.5.335
As Director of Human Resources for People, people who need people.com, I have created the following training proposal which will include common problems that occur when managers complete performance reviews and suggestions for supervisors on how to eliminate or reduce these problems.