The pathloss (LP) is the unwanted reduction in the signal strength during the propagation of the transmitted signal from the transmitter to the receiver. It relates the received signal power to the transmitted signal power. The maximum path loss is used to estimate the maximum cell range with a suitable propagation model, in GSM systems Hata Okumura propagation model is considered for calculating the maximum allowable pathloss whereas for CDMA, WCDMA and LTE networks COST 231 Hata model is considered, which is the extension of Hata-Okumura model. The Hata- Okumura Model [4] is formulated as, 44.9 6.55log log (2) ( ) [69.55 26.16log 13.82log ] h d dB L dB f h a h t p t m The factor a(hm) is the effective MS antenna height correction …show more content…
COVERAGE AREA DETERMINATION OF DIFFERENT CELLULAR SYSTEMS Coverage refers to the number of base stations or cell sites
Summary In chapter one of Freakonomics, the beginning portion of the chapter discusses information and the connection it shares with the Ku Klux Klan and real-estate agents. The Ku Klux Klan was founded right after the Civil War, in order to persecute and subdue the slaves that were newly freed. The popularity of the Klan increased in the early 20th century, around the time of World War I. In the late 19th century, the Klan had only discriminated, persecuted, and subdued Blacks, but in the 20th century they did these things to Blacks, Jews, and Gypsies.
An unstable home filled with broken relationships is like a shattered glass it can never be the same again because the damage is already done. Author Joyce Carol Oates portrays this in her short story “Where are you going. Where have you been?” The main character of the short story feeds off her broken home. Her family household situation motivates her to be a rebel. She ends up making so decisions that will change her life in a negative way.
-Assume the transmission range of each node (usually all the nodes have the same range).
Basically, the person using the cellular phone makes a call. This is transmitted via low energy radio signals to the nearest tower owned by your service provider. The call can now do either one of two things. If the person on the other end is on a landline, the call is then transferred to them via telephone cables. However, if the other person is on a cellular phone as well, the process is reversed. The signal is sent from the service provider to the nearest antenna site from the receiving person.
Cell phones use radio frequencies to transmit signals. Radio Frequencies (RF) are a form of electrical waves similar to those used in radios, microwaves, radars or satellite stations. They are emitted from a transmitter, and received using an antenna. This telephony technology is restricted geographically to small zones called “Cells”. Every cell has a base station capable of sending and receiving radio waves. When a call is started a signal leaves the handheld unit headed to the closest base station. This station answers by allocating a specific channel to the unit. When this “channel” is established, modulated radio frequency signals are both received and transmitted. The head of the user is in the near field of use because the distance from the antenna to the head is a few centimeters. (Blettner & Berg 2000) If the antenna is inside the body of the phone, the exposure to Radio Frequencies is greater. The antenna might be requesting a stronger signal to contest with the interference of the battery or the actual shell of the phone’s body.
Trans theoretical Model (TTM) integrates several key concepts from several theories and applies these concepts to a variety human behaviors (Prochaska, Redding & Evers, 2008). The TTM addresses the stages of change related to human health behaviors, and one of the strength is that TTM addresses the stage prior person experience action to change his health behaviors. The stages of change include pre-contemplation, contemplation and preparation, and these stages used when individual is welling to change certain health behaviors. For example, when a young teenage use alcohol and marijuana and he does not seek information about how to protect himself by avoid drinking or consuming marijuana because of his peers. He is consider to be in the pre-contemplation stage as he does not seek information to protect himself.
BA#v=onepage&q=price%20of%20cell%20phone%20in%201980s&f=false Chowdhury. R. Evolution Of Mobile Phones: 1995 - 2012. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.hongkiat.com/blog/evolution-of-mobile-phones/ MobiThinking. Global mobile statistics 2013 Part A: Mobile subscribers; handset market share; mobile operators. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://mobithinking.com/mobile-marketing-tools/latest-mobile-stats/a#subscribers Poole. I. History of Mobile Phone. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/history/mobile-cell-phone.php UMTS World. History of UMTS and 3G development. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.umtsworld.com/umts/history.htm WorldMapper. Cellular Subscribers 1990. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.worldmapper.org/display.php?selected=333
The high level of capital required building a wireless and wireline infrastructure makes economies of scale or on densely populated areas essential to telecom
Cell phone manufacturers and service providers are at the core of the cell phone industry. These corporations are integral from their research and development endeavors to interactions with the consumer and the marketing of new products. The companies that control such factors of cellular phones are very numerous, so it is difficult to address all the cell phone manufacturers and service providers. However, we have focused largely on only the most significant cellular companies namely in the U.S. marketplace, although many have global ties. Collectively, companies around the world have the same goals in mind – to create desirable cutting-edge technology and to increase consumer satisfaction with hopes of generating sales, and thus profits.
The wireless communications industry is perhaps matched only by the personal computer field in the rate at which new products and features are being introduced to the marketplace. What was once a novelty, used primarily by businesses, has now become commonplace among the masses. Today, cellular phones are owned by more than 114 million Americans according the Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association reports . One of the advantages of having a cellular/mobile phone is that time spent commuting, caught up in traffic and traveling could now be productive. In addition, it increases the sense of security for people driving alone or concerned about vehicle breakdowns.
The Redl and Wattenberg Model is a model of discipline, concerning group dynamics. Fritz Redl, a highly respected psychologist and educator, was born in Austria in 1902. He was recruited by the Rockefeller Foundation and immigrated to the United States from Austria in 1936. In 1940, Redl began his career in the United States as a therapist and researcher and ultimately became professor of behavioral science at Wayne State University. In 1973, he dealt with deviant juveniles as a consultant to the department of criminal justice at the State University of New York at Albany. Redl wrote many books contributing to the field of education, including Discipline for Today’s Children, co-authored with George Sheviakov (1956) and When We Deal with Children (1972).
G in 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G stands for the “Generation” of the mobile network. Today, mobile operators have started offering 4G services a higher number before the ‘G’ means more power to send out and receive more information and therefore the ability to achieve a higher efficiency through the wireless network. During the time of 1G, radio signals were transmitted in ‘analogue’ form. 2G networks, on the other hand, are based on narrow band digital networks. The 3rd generation of mobile networks has become popular and users access the Internet over devices like mobiles and tablets.
As wireless communication and multimedia applications are increasing at a rapid pace and there is need to meet the requirements a better standard for communication is developed titled LTE. With the release of various versions over the years shows a continuous enhancement in the framework standard. This paper discusses about the advent of LTE into the mobile and wireless communication universer and the need for it. The various features and technical aspects are also discussed. With features such as closed subscriber group, self-organising networks, location services, enhancement cell ID and Multimedia Broadcast services this is a standard which pretty much became the norm. Technologies such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output(MIMO) which were instrumental in the evolution to the LTE-Advanced are also discussed.
There is no mobile phone network coverage in a dead zone. These are both indoor and outdoor problem locations where a signal is not available. Calls are often dropped in certain buildings, homes and outdoor locations across the nation. It is very frustrating when you experience no coverage from your home, office or car due to inconsistent service. Cell phones need towers and antennas for calls to go through. More cell phone towers will have to be built to eliminate the gaps in coverage. Cities that host the towers will benefit from the additional revenue the towers gener...
The waves can be absorbed and reflected by surrounding objects before they reach the nearest cell tower. For example when you put your phone next to your head, during a...