Haller (1763) injected a clear fluid into the periosteum showing that “the origin of bone is the artery carrying the blood and in it the mineral elements” putting forward the idea that the cardiovascular system was responsible for bone formation. This was supported by the previous work of Hunter (1754)
Pritchard (1946) studied what triggers osteogenesis: the same stimulus causing inflammation or mechanical stress. How was the study conducted? Pritchard (1946) suggested osteogenesis is a result of humoral stimulus not mechanical in relation to the skull vault.
Two groups of Lister strain of black and white hooded Norwegian rats were used. Young rats, six to eighteen month old, were used due to their rapid and vigorous cellular response. They each had incisions made through the pericranium, skull and dura mater to study bone repair with reduced blood supply to the fracture site. The fracture was created in the cranial vault as cartilage is rare in this site and there minimal mechanical factors are involved. By examining the rats at different intervals during the repair phase Girigs & Pritchard (1958) were able to support the study of Pritchard (1948) that in a healing fracture cartilage is produced due to reduced blood supply. They found that since cartilage is less demanding of oxygen it acts as a temporary bridge between the fracture gap until blood supply is restored Thiymidine was used on forty two, five week old female rats to conduct an autradiographic study the cellular response in fracture repair. Observations of the periosteal index were conducted at several intervals between the period of one hour and fourteen days. The results show cellular proliferation in the periosteum and the adjacent soft tissue as being the initial...
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...the effect of a lack of lymphocytes on fracture repair They used eight week old male recombination activating gene 1 knockout (RAG -/-) mice to model the absence of lymphocytes and wilt-type mice Unilateral closed fractures were induced in all rats and the progression of fracture healing was evaluated at days three, seven, fourteen, twenty-one and twenty-eight The results of the experiment show that during fracture healing the biochemical properties, mineralisation and remodelling were all enhanced in RAG-/- mice Therefore there must be a regulatory role of lymphocytes during fracture repair
It can be assumed that a strong inflammatory response may have evolved to fight against pathogens to prevent infection during injury Anti-inflammatory cytokins present in the absence of lymphocytes increased both the mechanical properties and bone formation in a fracture
Carlton suffered an acute tissue injury on his foot after stepping on a sharp edge shell, which disrupted the layers of the skin. Immediately after an injury occurs, an inflammatory response begins, which serves to control and eliminate altered tissue/cells, microorganism, and antigens. This takes place in two phases. 1) The vascular phase, in which small vessels(arterioles, venules) at the site of injury undergo changes. Beginning, with
However some of the basic bone functions include storing of crucial nutrients, minerals and lipids, producing red blood cells for the body, protect the organs such as heart, ribs and the brain, aide in movement and also to act as a buffer for pH. With the differences in all of the bones there are four things that remain the same in each bone, their cells. Bones are made up of four different cells; osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes and bone lining cells. Osteoblasts produce and secrete matrix proteins and then transport the minerals into the matrix. Osteoclasts are responsible for the breaking down of tissue. The osteoblasts and osteoclasts are both responsible for remodeling and rebuilding of bones as we grow and age. The production of osteoclasts for resorption is initiated by the hormone, the parathyroid hormone. Osteocytes are the mature versions of osteoblasts because they are trapped in the bone matrix they produced. The osteocytes that are trapped continue making bone to help with strength and the health of the bone matrix. The bone lining cells are found in the inactive bone surfaces which are typically found in
The skeleton had a hideous impact to the community and was predicted by local investigators to be reasonably modern. To get better understanding and avoid confusion, a bone sample was sent to a laboratory in the USA for investigation and analysation using series of scientific
“The Lovely Bones” is a book written by Alice Sebold. It was published in 2002, and it’s about Susie Salmon, a girl that was murdered and no watches her family and murderer from her own heaven. She tries to balance her feeling and watch out for her family since her murderer is still free and with nobody knowing how dangerous he is. In 2009, a movie adapted from the book came out as well.
Edwidge Danticat novel, The Farming of Bones, provides readers with an understanding of the relations of Haitians and Dominicans by chronicling the Haitians escape from the Dominican Republic following the parsley massacre and emphasizing the importance of remembering the past. Though it is a work of fiction, Danticat is able to present characters and plot points that illustrate the racial and ethnic relations between Haiti and The Dominican Republic that led to the spread of antihaitianismo. The main themes of the novel explores the impact of nationalism and the formation of ethnic/racial formation through the characters actions which allows the reader to understand the ethnic/racial tension occurring at the time on a much personal level,
This week’s reading was about Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston’s, “A Mule Bone”. This play expresses many conflicts that go on in small as well as large communities. The setting of this play however is in Eaton, Florida is the community in which Hurston is from. It describes the many conflicts that people have with certain relationships or religions.
Over the summer, after taking a break from reading a novel just for entertainment, I sat down to read How to Read Literature like a Professor and it was the exact novel to refresh and supplement my dusty analysis skills. After reading and applying Foster’s novel, How to Read Literature like a Professor, towards The Bonesetter’s Daughter I found a previously elusive and individualized insight towards literature. Although, The Bonesetter’s Daughter is full of cryptic messages and a theme that is universal, I was able to implement an individual perspective on comprehending the novel’s universal literary devices, and coming upon the unique inference that Precious Auntie is the main protagonist of the novel.
Bone contains an inorganic component composed of mineral salts, primarily calcium and potassium, and an organic component made of collagen, a complex protein that is found in various forms in bone and other connective tissues. According to Wolff’s Law, bone is capable of adjusting its strength in proportion to the amount of stress placed on it. When young, healthy people participate in exercise programs for extended periods of time, their bones can become more dense through increased deposition of mineral salts and the number of collagen fibers. On the other hand, if bones are not subjected to mechanical stresses, as in individuals with sedentary lifestyle or
Have you ever wondered what happens to people whose lives are stolen by others? People who had uncompleted business? Alice Sebold’s novel The Lovely Bones demonstrates that death is unavoidable through the narration of a dead, 14 year old girl who narrates her own death in great detail. She has been dead since December 6th, 1973 and was murdered by a neighbour named George Harvey. Furthermore, this tragic event leads to the search for closure by Susie Salmon, her family and her friends. The path to closure is filled with many obstacles, and each person reacts differently when facing these obstacles. The death of Susie Salmon leaves a huge impact on Lindsey Salmon, Jack Salmon, Abigail Salmon, Ruth Connors and Ray Singh, not only because of the sorrow that is caused but because it reveals many concealed/unspoken problems which will test the strength of her family and friends.
Osteoporosis is a serious disease that leads to a faster than normal loss of the bone density, which puts the bone at a higher risk for fractures. In order to understand the causes of Osteoporosis, it is important to understand how bones are formed. Bone is a living tissue that is made mainly of collagen, calcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate. The mixture of collagen and calcium gives the bone strength and flexibility. The body deposits new bones and removes old ones; moreover, there are two types of bone cells that control the reproduction of bones. Cells called osteoclasts breakdown bone tissues thus, damaging the bone. Once the damaged bone is removed, cells called osteoblasts, use minerals including calcium and phosphate from the blood stream to make new healthy bone tissues. In order for osteoblasts and osteoclasts to work properly, hormones such us thyroid, estrogen, testosterone, and growth hormones are
Cartilage serves as protection against bone on bone contact to prevent wear in bones an example of this is the lateral and medial meniscal cartilage (articular cartilage). But the lateral and medial meniscal cartilage can be quite easily torn although a common injury in fully grown adults torn cartilage cannot be healed as cartilage receives little blood flow making it hard for it to heal compared to children with
One world up above where they can watch over the ones below. Susie in The Lovely Bones she has restricted use and effects on earth, because she is in heaven up above. Alice Sebold portrays these events through the view of Susie Salmon, Susie have the ability to know what everyone is thinking. Sebold shows that young love have many differences to those that are also in love, but mature. Susie the narrator, attitude toward the lover of young and old also is different. There is also a unique character in the novel, his name is George Harvey, and his view on love is extremely different.
First, this in vitro model does not represent intraoperative intra-articular conditions such as bleeding, active blood supply, cell metabolic activities, or amount of synovial fluid. Also, because it is an in vitro model, our observations cannot necessarily be extrapolated to in vivo conditions. Still, the standardized in vitro conditions allow for the reproducibility of results related to substance-specific effects on cell viability, metabolic activity, and induction of apoptosis. The effects of intra-articular exposure to epinephrine and vasopressin on hMSCs require additional investigation. Further studies need to be performed to evaluate these effects closer to the cell membrane. Specifically, the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, which rapidly synthesizes large quantities of nitric oxide (a free radical), could be determined. An overproduction of nitric oxide causes damage to cellular components such as lipids, which decreases physiological function and leads to cell death.3,24 Additionally, our results should be confirmed in an animal
The skeletal system is composed of two hundred and six bones in the human body. Functions such as the tendons, cartilage, and ligaments connect the bones and tissues together. Bone tissues make up about 18% of the weight of the human body. There are two types of tissue inside the bones. They consist of; compact bone and spongy bone. First, compact bone depicts the main shaft of long bones in the human body such as the arms and legs. Its tissue is dense and hard and it also makes up the outer layer of most bones in our body. Meanwhile, spongy bone tissue is made up of smaller plates occupied with red bone marrow. Mostly, it is found at the ends of long bones such as the head of the femur.
The Skeletal System, also known as the Skeleton make up a framework that support the body and protect the organs. The Skeleton consists of the bones and joints of the body. In the human body there is 300 bones at birth, these then fuse together to make 206 bones in a fully grown adult. The Skeleton is made up of two divisions: The axial and appendicular Skeleton.