The 20th century could be defined by the many wars that took place during it. Although the average world citizen may only see World War 1 and World War 2 as being the only two major wars that changed the course of world history, the world would not be what it is today if not for the many other respectively smaller wars that took place. The October War of 1973 is one of those wars in which in the grand scheme of things it is overlooked, but it no doubt changed the course of world history. There is a great deal of controversy associated with this war, with both sides claiming to have been victorious.
The October War of 1973 was fought between Israel, and their Arab neighbors: Egypt and Syria. There were tensions left over from the Six Day War of 1967 in which Israel successfully captured both the Egyptian Sinai peninsula and Gaza strip and the strategic Golan Heights from Syria1 [4]. After the Six Day War there was a ceasefire line created in Syria and Egypt separating Israel’s newly acquired land from Egypt and Israel. Anwar el-Sadat became president of Egypt in 1970, and he took over an “economically troubled nation that could ill afford to continue its endless crusade against Israel”2 [4]. In 1972 el-Sadat forms an alliance with Syria and began his planning for their attack on Israel3. [1]
Then on October 6, 1973 during Yom Kippur and the Islamic holy month of Ramadan; the Egyptians sent 220 air force jets followed by infantry into the Sinai Peninsula and at the same time Syria launched an attack on Golan Heights4.[1] Israel had a spy in Egypt, Ashraf Marwan, and he warned Israel’s intelligence chief, Zvi Zamir, on October 5th, one day before the pending attacks5[1]. This warning gave the Israeli’s some time to prepare for t...
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... Accessed April 2, 2014. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/six_day_war_1967.htm.
7 “OPEC states declare oil embargo,” The History Channel website, http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/opec-states-declare-oil-embargo (accessed Apr 10, 2014).
8. Hassan Elmalah, (First Lieutenant in October War), interview by Mustafa Elmalah, Over the phone"The October War," Record, april 4, 2014.
9. Connolly, Kevin. BBC, "Legacy of 1973 Arab-Israeli war reverberates 40 years on." Last modified october 5, 2013. Accessed April 4, 2014. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24402464.
10 Gwertzman, Bernard . "Egypt and Israel Sign Formal Treaty." The New York Times, Late city edition edition, sec. headline, May 27, 1979.
11. WorldsAssassinations.. "The Assassination of Anwar El Sadat" Recorded november 18 2008 october 6 1981. Web, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rhu-YgCyPz4.
In pursuing the Camp David Accords, Sadat was aiming to achieve certain strategic goals for Egypt, including a new alignment with America, improved bargaining power for Egypt in relation to Israel in the region, foreign capital for its new economic initiatives, and regional independence. While Sadat succeeded in achieving some of these goals with the accords, others he did not. I will examine the years leading up to, during, and after the Camp David accords, and how internal and external pressures pushed Sadat to accept that particular course on which he set Egypt. In particular, I will examine superpower relations, Egypt’s economic circumstances, and its relations with the Arab world as principal factors which led to Egypt’s bilateral agreement with Israel. In addition, I will examine the major political decisions of Sdat, and how they increased or decreased his bargaining power in Camp David, and the eventual terms. These include Sadat’s decision to break off relations with the Soviet Union, the start (and end) of the 1973 war with Israel, his trip to Jerusalem, and his behavior in negotiations with Israel. Finally, I will examine how Sadat’s political maneuvers have translated to Egypt’s international standing to this day.
This investigation evaluates the Carter Doctrine and the impact it had on 9/11. In order to successfully investigate the Carter Doctrine and its impact, one would have to evaluate its role in events leading to the tragedy of 9/11. The Carter Doctrine will be analyzed from the different perspectives such as different countries in the Middle East specifically the countries the terrorists of 9/11 were from. Those terrorists and those they worked will be analyzed for their philosophies on the US’s participation in the Persian Gulf. However, this particular investigation will not investigate the different forms of government of the Persian Gulf and the US.
...d took control of the Gaza Strip once again. Anwar el-Sadat then became president after Gamal Abdel Nasser died in 1970. In an effort to take control of the Sinai Peninsula, Anwar el-Sadat attacked the Israelis. After a cease-fire, the United Nation’s troops then returned to keep things peaceful. Israel then later withdrew and was only allowed to use it for non-military purposes. In 1978 a peace treaty was established between Egypt and Israel which influenced more peace in the Middle East. Although a formal treaty was signed in 1979. In 1981 Sadat was assassinated and Mohamed Hosni Mubarak followed him in presidency. The Sinai Peninsula was then returned to Egypt in 1982 after the Israeli troops withdrew from the region. Mubarak embraced Sadat’s policies and managed to climb to the top and be once again making Egypt known as one of the leaders of the Arab world.
"Israeli Reponse to Arab League to Divert Jordan". Jewish Virtual Library. From a speech by Levi Eshkil given on January 21, 1964. Retrieved on September 10, 2002. .
...untries’ shared values, providing years of unparalleled military and diplomatic support. But now those ties are being tested. The Arab Spring, Iran’s nuclear ambitions, failed peace talks, and Israel’s own decision to give Washington the cold shoulder have put new strains on the 65-year-old alliance. Without solving the Occupation, Israel will continue being a failed state. Societal chaos in Palestine can be directly attributed to a conflict in which Israel is at least an equal partner. Accordingly, the U.S. should treat the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as a serious menace to America’s safety and move forcefully to end it. As a Civil Affairs team deploying to Israel and trying to meet Department of State, Department of Defense, and USAID’s objectives for the country we should put in place project and programs to help ease tensions between Israelis and Palestinians.
Lieutenant General James Conway, Commander of the First Expeditionary Force (MEF), was ordered to withdrawal his Marines from Fallujah and leave the city to the insurgents1. Throughout Iraq and the Muslim world, this was perceived as a major victory for the insurgents. This victory inspired other Muslims to join the cause, and they soon flocked to Fallujah increasing their presence in the city. In the months following April 2004, leading up to Battle of Fallujah 2, otherwise known as Operation Phantom Fury/ Al Fajr (New Dawn), the insurgent numbers were increasing by the hundreds. This battle is one for the history books, it is said to be one of the bloodiest and most talked about in OIF. At the end of the campaign, 51 service were members killed, 425 wounded, 1200 insurgents killed, and 1000 prisoners captured2. This battle set the stage on how the Unite States Military conducts future Joint Operations throughout the rest of OIF.
Hiro, D. (2002). Iraq: In the eye of the storm. New York, NY: Thunder's Mouth Press.
"Timeline of Key Events in Ukraine Protests." Yahoo! News. Yahoo!, 20 Feb. 2014. Web. 22 Mar. 2014.
Ryan, Curtis. "The New Arab Cold War and the Struggle for Syria." MER 262 42 (2012): n. pag. Middle East Research and Information Project. 2012. Web. 19 Mar. 2014.
The Yom Kippur War took place in 1973 between Israel and the Arabs furthermore the 2 superpowers played subtle roles in this event . Israel won the war however with a higher cost then any previous wars . While the war did not conclude in an Arab military victory, both the Egyptian and Syrian armies had regained their honour and prestige(1). The War of Yom Kippur suprised the world in the means that it showed that the Arabs were a force to be reconed with. In summasation the war paved the way for significant changes to take place in Arab-Israeli relations.
Andersen, Roy, Robert F. Seibert, and Jon G. Wagner. Politics and change in the Middle East: sources of conflict and accommodation. 9th ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1982. Print.
The War of 1948, also known as the War of Independence, was fought between Israel and its Arab neighbors. The war began May 15, 1948 when units from the armies of Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Iraq invaded Israel launching a war that lasted until December 1948.# The war resulted in the defeat of the Arab forces and the success of Israel as a newly established state. It is evident that the Arab forces were not successful in the first Arab-Israeli war because the Arab army lacked motivation, education, and proper equipment.# Despite the support from Arab states outside of Palestine, the Arabs were unable to gain enough strength to overcome the Israeli forces. In contrast, the Israeli army was able to succeed because they had unconditional support from the Jewish community, efficient infrastructures, and modern equipment. Israel also used significant strategies that proved lethal against the competing Arab forces. With the Arab communities unorganized attempt to go to war in 1948, it was inevitable that Israel would come out of the war as the victor.
In mid-November of last year amidst rising tensions in the Middle East, Israel launched a major offensive against Palestinian militants in Gaza on Wednesday, killing the military commander, Ahmed Al-Jabari of Hamas in an air strike. This strike on a car carrying the commander stemmed the beginning to what is known by the Israeli’s as operation “Pillar of Defense”. Following this “surgical” assassination, the Israeli air force struck over 20 underground rocket launch sites belonging to Hamas (governing terrorist organization in Gaza) and the Islamic Jihad. According to Palestinian sources these strikes killed an additional six Palestinians.
Binder, Leonard, eds. Ethinic Conflict and International Politics in the Middle East. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1999.
There are Differs in the history the beginning of the war, but many agree that it started in April 13, 1975, where there was a failed attempt to assassinate the Maronite leader Pierre Gemayel attempt out by Palestinian militants, which led to the assassinate "Joseph Abu Assi" Facilities of Pierre Gemayel. In the other side, the said in response to this the attack of a civil bus in Ein Rummaneh which, had Palestinians passenger in it and 27 people was killed. In the war there was more in two parts in the conflict. The war included Parties were fighting among religious and political axes, these parties represented in the Maronite Christians, Shiites, Sunnis, Druze, Palestinian Liberation Organization, and the Israelis, as ...