The ability to interpret and differentiate between spatial and temporal qualities of sensory information is known as sensory discrimination. It allows for refined organisation and interpretation of sensory stimuli and contributes to skill development, learning, and play that demands discrete responses (Shaaf et al., 2010:121). The individual is required to interpret the qualities of the sensory information and add meaning to it. By adding meaning to the sensory qualities, perceptions are formed. “In the process of discrimination, the individual has to use past experiences and memories, and form associations about the spatial and temporal qualities of what they are experiencing, and then act on that” (Van Jaarsveld, 2011:9). Problems with discrimination or perception can occur in any sensory system. Children with sensory discrimination difficulties may have no problem with sensory modulation. However, these problems often coexist in children with sensory modulation difficulties (Case-Smith & O'Brien, 2005:379).
6.2.1 Vestibular System
6.2.1.1 Introduction
The vestibular system is the primary organiser of sensory information and integrates sensory input at the brain stem level (Ayres, 1979:62). It is the unifying system and forms the basic relationship of an individual to gravity and the physical world. The vestibular receptors are the most sensitive of all the sense organs and all other types of sensations are processed in reference to this basic vestibular information (Ayres, 2005:62). The vestibular system, along with the visual and proprioceptive system, serves three major functions: it provides the unconscious awareness of body position and movement in space, maintains postural control, balance and equilibrium while performi...
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... the board in class. According to her teacher, she does not have difficulty with this task, but is slow to complete it as she becomes distracted.
6.2.1.4 Other Factors Affecting the Scores
No other factors were found to influence the scores.
6.2.1.5 Conclusion
From the information above, it is clear that Kianah does not have a difficulty with processing vestibular input and no vestibular difficulties are present. It is evident from her PRN and SWB score that she is processing vestibular input via the vestibular receptors efficiently. She also demonstrated appropriate performance of the prone extension posture, supine flexion of the neck, postural reactions, cocontraction of the neck, and dissociation of the head from eyes. Her postural tone is also within the typical range. This further confirms that she does not have a difficulty processing vestibular input. #
My scientific concept is how sight effects balance. Balance is the equal distribution of weight. “Balance is controlled by the vestibular system, which includes the eyes, the inner ear, and other sensory systems of the body” (asha.org). The visual system interacts with the vestibular system by using the
Developmental psychologist Jean Piaget developed a theory that separated the different stages of a child’s mind into four stages. The first stage is the sensorimotor stage; this stage starts at birth and goes until the child is nearly two years old. Piaget describes the sensorimotor stage as the stage when the child is first starting to experience the world through the senses, and through moving their limbs, they learn how to make things happen.(Myers, 137) Piaget believed that at this stage of cognitive development, the child goes through the phenomena called object permanence. Object permanence is when an object is out of sight, it
Parnes & Nabi (2009) mentioned in their article that the vestibular system allows for vertebrates to detect spatial position as well as motion. Timothy & Hain (2009) further elaborated that rotational movement is detected by the semi-circular canals. The vestibular system can be subdivided into the otolith organs and the semi-circular canals (SCC) (Parnes & Nabi, 2009). The otolith organs can be further divided into the utricle and saccule (Timothy & Hain, 2009). All of these canals have a pivotal role in the maintenance of balance (Fife, 2009). The SCC which contains endolymph is situated at right angles to each other and detects rotational hea...
Tilikete, C., Rode, G., Rossetti, Y., Pichon, J., Ling, L., & Boisson, D. (2001). Prism adaptation to rightward optical deviation improves postural imbalance in left-hemiparetic patients. Current Biology, 524-528.
Introduction: This report is to discuss an experiment to assess the sensory and motor functions of the facial nerve in humans. The facial nerve is one of twelve cranial nerves that innervates the head and neck. These nerves serve a variety of functions, both sensory and motor, and are responsible for moving the muscles in the face, head and neck, and receiving information the brain can interpret into all five sense. Appendix A outlines each cranial nerve, it’s sensory and/or motor function, and the foramen in the bones of the skull it passes through.
...the sheet with ease. She received her first fail when we got to balance on each foot for 5 seconds. With the need for autonomy and her activity level it is very important that her parents know to keep a very close eye on her and not allow her to be in a situation of potential harm.
Ioffe, M.E., Chernikova, L. A., Umarova, R. M., Katsuba, N. A., & Kulikov, M. A. (2010). Learning postural tasks in hemisparetic patients with lesions of left versus right hemisphere. Experimental Brain Research, 201(4), 753-761. Doi: 10.1007/s00221-009-2091-z
Preoperational stage (ages 2-7) – Concrete physical stimuli are needed in order for a child to develop new concepts.
Humans have five senses. Sight, taste, smell, touch, and hearing are what paint reality, but the lack of one these senses, particularly sight, can enrich the remaining four. The remaining senses become a crutch, or prosthetic leg that constitute the gateway to one’s environment. Yet for these senses to construct one’s environment non visually, the four senses left must work
From birth onward, the physical needs of a child are fundamental to the child’s ability to maneuver through the many developmental stages of childhood. Protection from physical danger, adequate nutrition, adequate health care and immunizations, fundamental hygiene and motor and sensory stimulation all combine to insure that the child is physically capable of successfully moving through the various developmental stages (World Bank 2). At birth, babies’ basic sensory systems are working but these become more complex, coordinated and sophisticated during the early months (Honig 1). At this age, ...
The majority of difficulties that arise can be traced back to the zero gravity environment in which humans experience physiological changes which can be detrimental to their health. When humans enter weightless space they become dis-oriented due to the neurovestibular interactions, those that are processed in the brain cavity (DeHart 840). These cause side effects, such as space motion sickness or Space Adaptation Syndrome (SAS) (Shipman, Humans 99). As astronauts enter zero gravity they experience a nauseous sensation which returns with fast actions or movement from a small to a large space in the space vehicle. Those who are more susceptible to this illusory sensation develop space motion sickness and have personalities that are introversive, neurotic, or fearful (DeHart 840-841). Thi...
During the birth to two years stage children are learning about the world through their sensations and through their movements. One of the most influential theorist’s Jean Piaget developed four important stages of cognitive development. In the first stage, known as the sensorimotor stage, direct sensory experiences are occurring. Motor actions are occurring as well, which are important for the learning of children as they get older. Since infants at this age are learning through their movements they are using basic actions such as grasping onto objects with their hands, sucking, listening and observing the world around them. With these movements, they are beginning to understand that their actions cause things to happen around them. When this
A child begins to correlate motor patterns and sensory input. For example a child may unintentionally suck her thumb, if she enjoys the sensation she will do this again.
He believed that children’s minds had to mature and could not take on certain tasks until they are mentally developed enough to do so. The first stage he determined was the sensory motor stage, which occurs in children from birth to age two. In this stage, Piaget’s ideas are focused on how children see things and interpret it. In the book Children and Adolescents, Elkind explained how Piaget began to understand this stage by observing his child, Jacqueline. “To illustrate, Piaget observed that when he held a cigarette case in front of his daughter and then dropped it, she did not follow the trajectory of the case but continued looking at his hand” (p. 18). Towards the end of this stage, Piaget began to see improvement in the way his child reads different situations. Jacqueline was able to discover where the objects went when Piaget removed them from clear
...on on the position of the head in space for static equilibrium making it essential for maintaining appropriate posture and balance, where as dynamic they detect linear acceleration and deceleration. There are two kinds of cells in the two maculae, hair cells and supporting cells. The hair cells are the sensory receptors. Laying over the hair cells are columnar supporting cells that probably secrete the thick, gelatinous, glycoprotein layer called the otolithic membrane and over the membrane is a layer of dense calcium carbonate crystals called otoliths. When the head is tilted, the otoliths shift, and the hairs beneath respond to the change in pressure and bending the hair bundles.