After many years of research it has been proven that cigarette smoking is the major cause of death globally. According to Surgeon General Smoking represents the most extensibly documented cause of disease, ever investigated in the history of biomedical research. The relation between smoking and human disease cannot be directly tested. It is morally and ethically incorrect. Therefore, other research has been developed to establish a very high degree of scientific probability.
The criteria used to research the health diseases of smoking are as follows: consistency of association, the information found is replicated under different circumstances, conditions, and settings. This helps eliminate confounding factors. Strength of association, this is reassured by relative risk ratios, incidence ratios, and mortality ratios, compared to those exposed to smoking and those not exposed. Specificity of association, this is taken by the degree of exposure to the suspected agent to predict the outcome. Temporal Relation of association, exposure to the causing factor of disease must proceed to the onset of disease. Coherence of association, Disease progression and effects on the settings must be explained clearly reflect the results.
Smoking has now been identified as the major cause of heart disease, stroke, and several different forms of cancer in organs other than the lungs, without including the large variety of other health problems. The majority of deaths caused by cigarette smoking...
According to Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2013), smoking is harmful for almost each organ and causes many dis...
Smoking is the most preventable cause of death in our society. During 1995, approximately 2.1 million people in developed countries died as a result of smoking. One tobacco use is responsible for nearly one in five deaths in the United States. Lung Cancer mortality are about 23 times higher for current male smokers and 13 times higher for current female smokers compared to a lifelong never-smoker.
Cigarettes are a type of tobacco product which contain several hundred ingredients. Although the majority of these ingredients have not been proved to be harmful, the cigarette smoke which results from these ingredients burning have over four hundred toxins, about forty of which are carcinogenic. Three of the best known ingredients that cause negative side effects are nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide. Nicotine is an addictive substance, which is lethal in large quantities. Tar causes a sticky buildup to form on the lungs, which reduce the elasticity that is necessary for the alveoli in the lungs to be able to be an effective respiratory surface. Carbon monoxide competes with oxygen to bind on hemoglobin in red blood cells, which makes it difficult for cellular respiration to occur. These are onl...
Parsons, A., Daley, A., Begh, R., & Aveyard, P. (2010, January 22). Influence of smoking
Tobacco smoking is linked to at least 17 different types of cancer such as lung cancer and oral cancer, and it leads to more than six million deaths per year. The smoke itself is made up of a large mixture of chemicals, at least 60 being carcinogens, substances that can lead to cancer. The way in which these substances cause cancer is by damaging the DNA which can lead to mutations in the cancer gene. The carcinogen
Encyclopaedia of Children’s (2013) stated that smoking is a form of inhalation of smoking from different forms of tobacco which include cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. Cancer Research (2012) and the World Health Organisation (2013) have confirmed that most tobacco products contain very high level of nicotine which can have additive effect and are made from tobacco leaf which are s...
Most everyone knows that tobacco is a factor of cancer. It can cause cancer by changing a gene and causing it to divide uncontrollably, then the unwanted cells spread throughout the body (Elk 45). Smoking alone has caused 30 percent of all cancer deaths. The risk from smoking depends on the kind of cigarettes, how deeply a person breathes in the smoke, and how ...
Smoking cigarettes is a detrimental practice not only to the smoker, but also to everyone around the smoker. According to an article from the American Lung Association, “Health Effects” (n.d.), “Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S., causing over 438,000 deaths per year”. The umbrella term for tobacco use includes the use of cigarettes, cigars, e-cigs and chewing tobacco. While tobacco causes adverse health consequences, it also has been a unifying factor for change in public health. While the tobacco industries targets specific populations, public health specifically targets smokers, possible smokers, and the public to influence cessation, policies and education.
The risk of lung cancer among cigarette smokers increases with the duration of smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked per day. This observation has been made repeatedly in cohort and
Tobacco use causes a number of diseases. Smoking causes cancer, heart disease, stroke, and causes lung diseases. Tobacco can lead to someone losing limbs and...
Approximately one in two lifetime smokers will die from their habit. Half of these deaths will occur in middle age. The most common of the diseases caused by smoking is cancer, of course. Not only is it a cause of lung cancer, but cancer of the larynx, and the esophagus, and it contributes to the development of cancers of the bladder, pancreas, and kidney. Lung cancer comes from the tar in the cigarettes.
Smoking is a simple process of inhaling and exhaling the fumes of burning tobacco, but it has deadly consequences. According to the American Cancer Society, smoking is the most preventable cause of death in America today (Encarta, 2002). Until the 1940?s, smoking was considered harmless. It was at this time that epidemiologists noticed a dramatic increase in the cases of lung cancer. A study was then conducted between smokers and nonsmokers to determine if cigarettes were the cause of this increase. This study, conducted by the American Cancer Society, found increased mortality among smokers. Yet it was not until 1964 that the Surgeon General put out a report acknowledging the danger of cigarettes. The first action to curb smoking was the mandate of a warning on cigarette packages by the Federal Trade Commission (Encarta, 2002). In 1971, all cigarette advertising was banned from radio and television, and cities and states passed laws requiring nonsmoking sections in public places and workplaces (Encarta, 2002). Now in some cities smoking is being completely banned from public places and workplaces and various people are striving for more of these laws against smoking.
Most people would think that cigarette smoking can cause many health issues and diseases after looking at the ingredients used, and they are right. Periodontitis, Peptic ulcers, Erectile dysfunction, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cancer, and cardiovascular disease are just a few of the diseases that can be caused from smoking cigarettes. Smoking may also increase the chance of heart disease, stroke, atherosclerosis, and peripheral vascular disease. Tobacco has also been linked to Buerger 's disease, Oral disease and some infection throughout the body has also been caused by smoking
“Dangers of Smoking Cigarettes for Smokers” healthliteracy.worlded.org. Copyright 1995 by Marjorie Jacobs revised 1997, n.d web 14 April 2011
Scientists and health officials have been arguing the detrimental effects smoking has on our health for many years. Smoking can lead to serious complications including asthma, pancreas, lung and stomach cancer due to the large number of carcinogens (cancer causing chemicals) and other various substances added to it. It is a health hazard for both smokers and non-smokers and it is especially harmful to unborn babies. Although smokers claim that it helps them to relax and release stress, the negative aspects of the habit take over the positive. As it has been stressed by the scientists and experts, there are some very severe reasons of smoking but its crucial consequences should also be taken into consideration.