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Importance of bioethics
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Bioinformatics is the use of biology, mathematics, and computer science to answer biological questions. Through the use of biological databases, researchers are able to manage genetic information (Hodgman, French, & Westhead, 2010). A part that bioinformatics has is the lack of ethics being implemented in their studies. Bioethics, defined as the potential influence of life sciences in our society, using ethics, philosophy and societal observations (Bioethics, n.d). Relevant ethical questions, as well as the approach to education and teaching are the bio ethical concerns with bioinformatics.
Ethics in the curriculum of bioinformatics programs is minimal. More emphasis could be given on legal and social issues in bioinformatics researching and exploring upcoming technologies. Many programs do not believe topics such as "reproductive cloning, genetically modified foods, gene therapy and clinical trials, human stem cell experimentation, experiments on aborted embryos or fetal tissues, patenting molecules, transgenic technologies, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, and assisted reproduction" because it is not a high priority concern in the field of bioinformatics compared to other biological fields. Hence, blame could be placed on professors and their curriculum for cause on this challenging issue. The figure below was a random study of bioinformatics undergraduate and graduate programs. The study tested for courses like “ethic seminars, short courses, compulsory courses or elective courses related” (Taneri, 2011). The data indicated that majority of the institutions did not have an (bio) ethics courses in the curriculum.
Another cause for ethical issues facing bioinformatics is the government and publications from bioinfo...
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...cal questions related to bioinformatics. Therefore, building awareness can in the long run solve questions. The lack of ethics being incorporated with Bioinformatics programs in the United States and Europe is also a concern. Recently Yale University has required students to take a research ethics seminar and Stanford University introduced medical information science, which focuses on ethical, legal and social implications. If more top universities integrate bio (ethics) into their curriculum, it can cause a domino effect with other institutions. Furthermore, other things that could be useful in resolving this issue are through students voicing their opinion. Students voice can influence a new point of view on learning and teaching. These significant strides will ultimately advance breakthroughs in the field and solve the issue of ethical courses in bioinformatics.
Bioethics is the use of morals in science. If there had been more bioethics in Henrietta Lacks’s case, her doctors may have used their morals to not take the cells from her body without her permission or at least let her family know they had. Sixteen years before her case, the Nuremberg Code had been created which stated 10 codes of ethics to be used during human experimentation. However, it was not a law and few doctors even knew it existed.The issue of informed consent was also brought up in 1957 but doctors testified it was unnecessary. However on June 30th, 1974,17 years later, a law was passed requiring informed consent for all federally funded research. The issue of bioethics affected HeLa and many began to doubt if the doctors at Johns Hopkins had really been ethical. In conclusion, Henrietta Lacks and her “immortal” cells helped the field of science and its future
If Caplan were to provide more convincing details as to why bioengineering is ethical, then his essay would not seem as though he’s torn between if he agrees or not. He puts a lot of thought and information of counter arguments throughout his essay and then backs it up with small statements of being for the situation. This is an essay that needs to be read several times in order to catch which side he is justifying. Caplan should have put more thought into the essay as to how self-improvement makes a person feel more like themselves and alive again. There should be more to show insight on the subject
The more we know about genetics and the building blocks of life the closer we get to being capable of cloning a human. The study of chromosomes and DNA strains has been going on for years. In 1990, the Unites States Government founded the Human Genome Project (HGP). This program was to research and study the estimated 80,000 human genes and determine the sequences of 3 billion DNA molecules. Knowing and being able to examine each sequence could change how humans respond to diseases, viruses, and toxins common to everyday life. With the technology of today the HGP expects to have a blueprint of all human DNA sequences by the spring of 2000. This accomplishment, even though not cloning, presents other new issues for individuals and society. For this reason the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) was brought in to identify and address these issues. They operate to secure the individuals rights to those who contribute DNA samples for studies. The ELSI, being the biggest bioethics program, has to decide on important factors when an individual’s personal DNA is calculated. Such factors would include; who would have access to the information, who controls and protects the information and when to use it? Along with these concerns, the ESLI tries to prepare for the estimated impacts that genetic advances could be responsible for in the near future. The availability of such information is becoming to broad and one needs to be concerned where society is going with it.
...ns of a morally questionable nature. It is necessary that our practices remain ethical and that we uphold the value of a human life, as this is the cornerstone of human society. Embryonic stem cell research is one such operation that forces scientists, policy makers, and the larger society to define what constitutes a human life and to find an answer to the crucial question: Is it morally acceptable to violate the rights of a human life for the for the sake of medical progress?
With a consequentialist tone of approach, he describes human society having an imbalance between two ideals: the acceptance of oneself as a gift and the strive for perfection. The usage of technology for enhancement purposes pushes us away from the first and more towards the latter. Bioethics’ main principle revolves around the concept of morality, defined by beliefs regarding actions that are often split between being right or wrong in interpretation and character (Vaughn). Sandel upholds to this stance, confronting it with our own ideology that through the pronouncement of terms of biotechnology, we seem to accept more than reject what is brought up in the culture of society, this type of thinking reaffirming our current beliefs of the nature of controversial
Lucassen, Emy. “Teaching the ethics of genetic engineering” Journal of Biological Education 29 (Summer 1995): 129-139.
In the article “Killing to stay alive” the author details how hard it can be to balance the idea of ethics with the advancement of science. He says how difficult it can be to weigh whether the scientific gain is worth the lost lives of the animal test subjects. Ericson specifically looks at how being able to bioengineer genetics and mutations allows for even more discrepancies in animal research, as the gray area of ethics is expanded, and the definitive line of what is ethical and what is not is blurred. Finally, he mentions how importance of have organizations such People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, which make sure that research groups are being ethical in their research.
Steinbock, Bonnie, Alex J. London, and John D. Arras. "The Principles Approach." Ethical Issues in Modern Medicine. Contemporary Readings in Bioethics. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013. 36-37. Print.
Ethics refers to the values and customs of a community at a particular point in time. At present, the term ethics is guided by the moral principles that guide our everyday actions. These moral principles guide the researcher into deciding what is ‘right’ or ‘wrong’. The foundation of medical ethics is governed by two philosophical frameworks: deontology, and utilitarianism. However, ultimately, the ethics committees need to balance the risks, and benefits for the participants and the community associated with the particular research proposal.
20 Feb. 2014. Nardo, Don. A. Biomedical Ethics.
The article titled “Contemporary Ethical Analyses: A Shortfall in Scientific Knowledge” describes the ethics through the public’s eye. One of the major ethical issues brought up is informed consent.
Ever since the scientific revolution, there have been countless breakthroughs in the scientific field. From the invention of the light bulb to the computers we stare at daily, it is axiomatic that such things can only happen due to the advancement in science. However, a myriad of scientific researches today have received strong opposition due to the ethical concerns regarding the research. This essay will agree that ethics hinder scientific research because society has a system of shared values and norms which constitutes people’s ethical personality and differentiates what is ethical and can be tolerated.
...follows the general code of ethics, but it only has one specific code of ethics for gene synthesis. This worries many people because they cannot see synthetic biologists’ ethical procedures and how these researchers would apply these rules in different situations. In time, there will be an agreed upon code of ethics for synthetic biology and this will help relieve people because they will believe that valuable, but possibly dangerous, information is less likely fall into the wrong hands and that appropriate experimenting occurs. The goal of synthetic biology is to improve medicine and protect the environment. Synthetic biologists want to cure cancer, provide new energy sources, and more sustainable foods. People’s concerns are legitimate and need to be analyzed, but until these ethical concerns and possible risks are addressed synthetic biology cannot move forward.
Scientists and the general population favor genetic engineering because of the effects it has for the future generation; the advanced technology has helped our society to freely perform any improvements. Genetic engineering is currently an effective yet dangerous way to make this statement tangible. Though it may sound easy and harmless to change one’s genetic code, the conflicts do not only involve the scientific possibilities but also the human morals and ethics. When the scientists first used mice to practice this experiment, they “improved learning and memory” but showed an “increased sensitivity to pain.” The experiment has proven that while the result are favorable, there is a low percentage of success rate. Therefore, scientists have concluded that the resources they currently own will not allow an approval from the society to continually code new genes. While coding a new set of genes for people may be a benefitting idea, some people oppose this idea.
Natural sciences are sciences whose methodology is based on the observation of the physical world. Unlike ethics it is a highly empirical discipline. The basic and perhaps only way used to produce knowledge in the scientific world is through inductive reasoning, as the methodology that is usually followed by scientists involves conducting several experiments and making observations, based on which they make logical conclusions. Ethical judgements hinder the methods of acquiring knowledge through scientific development. Several methods require the interaction with animals, which could end up being harmful for them. Moral codes and values oppose to such situations and therefore encourage us to raise concerns every time there is a potential for scientific research involving animal experimentation. As I learned in my IB Biology course, Xenotransplantation, the transplantation of organs from animals,...