Succession
Succession is where a pioneer species colonise an area, and gradually
bring about changes so that other more complex species may also
colonise the area, replacing the pioneers. The presence of the pioneer
species signifies primary succession, which is basically the
colonisation of bare rock. The abiotic conditions are extreme, with a
very harsh climate which can only be survived by the pioneer species.
An example of a pioneer species is lichen, which are found in the
splash zone of a shore. The abiotic conditions of the splash zone are
extremely harsh, with fluctuating temperature and prolonged exposure
to sunlight causing desiccation. Lichen is well adapted to survive
these conditions, as it's actually two organisms forming a mutualistic
symbiotic relationship. Fungus and algae live together, which is
beneficial to both organisms. The algae photosynthesises, which
provides carbohydrates for itself and the fungus. The fungus has
hyphae, which provides anchorage for the lichen as it can get into
tiny cracks in the rock. It also takes in water through osmosis, and
even minerals. The hyphae even protect the lichen from desiccation, as
it forms a mat which protects the lichen. Physical and chemical
weathering allow colonisation to begin. For example, when freeze/thaw
causes cracks to appear in the rocks, they provide ideal sheltered
areas for colonisation. Also, as rainwater is slightly acidic, wears
down the rocks, also causing suitable conditions.
When lichen die, the nitrogenous compounds are broken down by
saprophytic bacteria into ammonia or ammonium ions. Then, nitrifying
bacteria converts the ammonia compounds into nitrites, and then
quickly converted to nitrates due to the toxic nature of nitrites.
Nitrates are soluble in water and can be taken up by small plants such
as mosses by osmosis. After a few seral stages larger plants colonise,
which need to have deeprooting systems for anchorage. These plants can
therefore attract invertebrates and other organisms. Overall, the
index of diversity increases over time. Eventually, when the
environment is stable and the index of diversity is high, a climax
community has been formed.
salt marsh habitats. Once a marsh has built up to such a level that it
 The purpose of this paper is to identify and contrast the different styles of leadership exhibited by two characters found in the 1949 movie Twelve O’Clock High starring Gregory Peck as General Savage, Army Air Forces general. Based on a true story, Twelve O’Clock High is a inspirational account of the highly dangerous precision daylight bombing missions carried out by US Army Air Force’s 918th Bomber Group in England during the last part of World War II. In the beginning of the movie the squadron is commanded by general Davenport. It is very clear that General Davenport’s main concern is the wellbeing of his men. He obviously had developed close interpersonal relationships. The men of the squadron were completely devoted towards Davenport and they trusted any decision that he would make. General Davenport’s affection for his men comes to interfere with his ability to lead them. The squadron suffers heavy losses to planes and heavier losses to soldiers. One instance that clearly demonstrates Davenport’s incapability to uphold his responsibilities as the leader is when he jeopardizes the well being of the entire squadron by ignoring protocol and flying out of formation in the attempt to save one plane. When it becomes apparent to Davenport’s superiors that his emotional feelings have become an obstacle to his effectively leading the squadron they relieve him. General Savage who is ordered to take over the underachieving bomber group experiencing heavy losses because of poor technique and lack of focus. Savage takes a kind of tough love approach, holding his men to the highest standards. Savage makes the point that the ultimate objection of the squadron is to successfully complete the assigned missions. Throughout the movie Savage constantly makes it absolutely clear to the squadron that no one individual’s wellbeing will be placed ahead of the entire team and the success of the team. Initially the changing of the preceding General dispirits the squadron. They felt that General Savage was uncompassionate considering the men as nothing more then numbers that were dispensable at his convenience. After several missions that were marked by a remarkable turnaround in success the man eventually come...
One way the community in Lion King can be changed is by ecological succession. Ecological succession consist of primary and secondary succession, but I am only going to talk about secondary succession. Secondary succession is a result of a disturbance which changes an existing community without removing the soil. Secondary succession occurs in The Lion King when Scar is king, near the end when Simba is king, and it also happens in the real world.
species living in it, be they plant or animal, from going extinct. The ecosystem is constantly
Some of these landforms include the following: hummocks, or knolls, frost boils, and earth stripes. Another common area to the alpine tundra is a “bare rock covered ground” also known as fell fields, in which not only support but helps the growth of lichens. The many “microhabitats” given by these landforms provide a variety to the tundra’s landscape. As you already know, the amount of different plant species in the tundra is very small. Also, their growth level is low, “with most of the biomass concentrated in the roots”.
Ecosystems are the basic biological units of ecology, and consist of biotic organisms and their interactions amongst other living organisms, as well as the surrounding abiotic environment (Putman and Wratten 1984). One facet of ecosystems that is less-often mentioned is the process of decomposition, as it many may view it as an unclean, unpleasant process that occurs after an organism has ceased to exist. To those with an ecological framework, however, decomposition is viewed as the opposite – an interesting, intricate process teeming with biological activity and life (Swan and Kominoski 2012). What is decomposition? Formally, decomposition is defined as the process to which complex organic matter is broken down to its basic constituents (i.e.
The “disturbed preserves” are areas in which there has been human alteration of the landscape, whether it be infrastructural installations or beaten trails, that has then been left alone. These areas are recovering forests that normally transition from primary growth to secondary, but are made vulnerable through these artificial developments that alter the dynamics of the landscape in which the native species would emerge. Consequently, these sites, which are protected via the Lullwater Management Plan regardless, have grown into monoculture communities that consist usually of only one or two invasive species. The most aggressive invasive within Lullwater is Ligustrum sinense (Chinese Privet), which is a semi-evergreen shrub of great phenotypic plasticity, allowing it to invade and thrive in a wide range of habitats. Figure 2 is a dam and culvert constructed in 2003, which
Leadership. The action of directing a group of people defines the meaning of leadership. However, with such leadership comes an adventure and a journey worth traveling. In The Hobbit, written by J.R.R. Tolkien, an adventure exists demanding the need for a leader. This leader must guide and direct the people to find the treasure at the mountain. Obstacles and threats stand in the way requiring the need for strong leadership qualities. A leader possess the qualities of courage, humility, and service that exemplify the necessities in order to direct a group of people. Bilbo, Thorin, and Bard each demonstrate qualities needed in a leader.
A leader is an agent of change, and progress is about change. In the words of Robert F Kennedy, 'Progress is a nice word; but change is its motivator.' Leadership is about raising the aspirations of followers and enthusing people with a desire to reach for the stars. For instance, Mahatma Gandhi created a vision for independence in India and raised the aspirations of our people. Leadership is about making people say, 'I will walk on water for you.' It is about creating a worthy dream and helping people achieve it. Robert Kennedy, summed up leadership best when he said, 'Others see things as they are and wonder why; I see them as they are not and say why not?' Adversity A leader has to raise the confidence of followers. He should make them understand that tough times are part of life and that they will come out better at the end of it. He has to sustain their hope, and their energy levels to handle the difficult days. There is no better example of this than Winston Churchill. His courageous leadership as prime minister for Great Britain successfully led the British people from the brink of defeat during World War II. He raised his people's hopes with the words, 'These are not dark days; these are great days -- the greatest days our country has ever lived.' Never is strong leadership more needed than in a crisis. In the words of Seneca, the Greek philosopher, 'Fire is the test of gold; adversity, of strong men.' Values The leader has to create hope. He has to create a plausible story about a better future for the organisation: everyone should be able to see the rainbow and catch a part of it. This requires creating trust in people. And to create trust, the leader has to subscribe to a value system: a protocol for behavior that enhances the confidence, commitment and enthusiasm of the people. Compliance to a value system creates the environment for people to have high aspirations, self esteem, belief in fundamental values, confidence in the future and the enthusiasm necessary to take up apparently difficult tasks. Leaders have to walk the talk and demonstrate their commitment to a value system. As Mahatma Gandhi said, 'We must become the change we want to see in the world.' Leaders have to prove their belief in sacrifice and hard work.
As one gets older, leadership becomes a huge part of who they are and how they carry themselves. Are they able to take on responsibilities, express their opinions and make decisions among their peers? Are they respectable and reliable and therefore able to inspire and support others? Are they outgoing, and positive? All essential for a leader. Throughout the past 4 years, I have taken on several leadership roles. I have become more involved in my church. I have taken on more responsibilities in 4-H and Kane County Ambassadors. I have participated in high school cheerleading, and competitive All-Star cheerleading. Participation in these organizations has allowed me to develop outstanding leadership skills.
Native plants in any given area have adapted to all the other organisms in a given area and genetically diverse ecosystems are generally maintained.
Originally presented in the 1964 article “A contingency model of leadership effectiveness”, Fred Fiedler’s Contingency Theory states that there is no one best managerial style effective for all situations. Rather, effective leadership is attained when leader style and situational forces or aligned. (Fiedler, 1964)
Explaining Succession Introduction Succession is the progression of plant and animal species in an area from smaller simpler organisms to larger more complex organisms, eventually leading to a climax community. The climax community is reached when the species found in the area remain constant over time with few or no species being wiped out or starting to grow- there is an equal balance between births and deaths and gross primary productivity is the same as total respiration. The climax community exists as long as biotic and abiotic factors allow. Things which could devastate a climax community include forest fires and drastic changes in climate, or biotic factors like Dutch elm disease, a fungus transmitted by European and American bark beetles which killed millions of elm trees in the 1980's.
The rocks are formed in places where there had been water at one time. Dead animals, plants and pieces or rock minerals carried by wind, water, ice, and gravity sink to the bottom of bodies or water. When the body of water dries up the rock becomes a surface layer.
This process takes place with carbon dioxide, it reacts with certain types of rocks forming a solution that can easily be carried by water. Then there’s lichens and acid rain. Lichens are a combination of fungi and algae and grow on rocks and produce acids that break down the minerals within the rocks. Leaching is the process of removing dissolved minerals as they are carried to lower layers in the soil. The chemical weathering processes need water and occur more rapidly at higher temperatures. So warm, damp climates are the best places where chemical weathering occurs. It would most likely occur most when it’s raining because chemical weathering needs water for the process/ processes to happen. Water also interacts with calcites in caves, causing them to dissolve. In addition to changing the shapes of rocks, chemical weathering from water changes the composition of water. Weathering over billions of years is a big