Doxorubicin(DOX) is an anticancerdrug with toxic side effects that these effects may result from its interaction with the vital molecules of Hemoglobin (Hb). In this study,structural changes imposed by DOX on Hb, in the absence and presence of various concentrations of Glucose (Glc) were examined and compared, to determine whether the Glc can affect on the interaction between Hb and this cancer drug DOX. For this purpose,techniques of UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fluorescence spectroscopy andCircular dichroism(CD) were used. The results of spectroscopy technique (جمع یا مفرد؟) showed that hyperchromic effect that was observed upon Hb-treatment by DOX, was reliefed (relieved)in the presence of Glc,although Glc itself caused hyperchromicity in the absorption spectrum of Hb. It seems that the protein interaction with Glc induced structural changes in the protein in order to increase exposuring (exposure) of Tryptophan groups.Since binding sites of DOX are near the Tryptophan amino acids of Hb [3],their exposuring may cause them to be not suitable for DOX connection anymore. About the results of Fluorescence spectroscopy technique we can say that because of DOX connection (binding) at the vicinity of the Trp β37, it attracted some of the photons were emitted by Tryptophan and therefore, in trinsic fluorescence emission of Hb is reduced but this effect declined by Glc because of Tryptophans exposuring. In the result of Tryptophans exposuring (exposure),intrinsic fluorescence of Hb increased but they may were not competent for DOX binding anymore. The results of CD technique showed that Glc and DOX did not cause any changes in the second structure of Hb (in the short time), But the level of the alpha helix structure significantly reduced, when...
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...ere recorded in the range of 300–500 nm upon excitation at 280 nm.
2. 5. Circular Dichroism (CD) measurements
The CD measurements were made on a JASCO-J-810 spectropolarimeter (Tokyo, Japan) and calibrated with d-10-camphor sulfonic acid. Dry nitrogen gas was purged before and during the course of measurements. The CD measurements of Hb in the absence and presence of DOX were made in the range of 200–250 nm using a 0.1 cm cell at 0.2 nm intervals with three scans averaged for each CD spectra. The samples for CD were prepared with the fixed concentration of Hb (3 μM) and varied drug concentrations resulting in equal volumes. The molar ratio of Hb to drug concentration was 1:0, 1:2 and 1:4 for CD spectra. Furthermore experiment was repeated for the samples with fixed concentrations of drug (6 μM) and Hb (3 μM) and two concentrations of Glc (100,300 mg/dl).
The analyzed yellow#5 wavelength was determined to 395nm because the actual wavelength 427nm was restricted in the Micro lab. The R2 value of the graph is 0.9827, and the level of data accuracy it indicated extremely weak data correlation. The first one dilution data points excluded from the standard curve because the point is not in the linear curve. The first concentration and absorbance value are the highest point in the graph that cannot connect as linear with another data point. After removing the first data point, the standard curve is clear and make
The color that was chose to be shined through the sample was purple. The spectrophotometer was set at a wavelength of 400nm to represent the purple color. It was zeroed using the blank meaning the spectrophotometer read zero as absorbance amount. The blank consisted of 5mL of water and 2.5 mL AVM and it was placed in cuvette. A solution with a known concentration of 2.0x10-4 M was used in the spectrometer.
The purpose of a homeostatic system is to maintain steady/stable internal environment at a set point. Glucose is used as a major energy source by most cells in the human body. Cells break down glucose in order to produce ATP (energy), to carry out their cellular processes. Blood glucose concentration is maintained between 3.9-5.6 mmol/L-1. The reason behind this range is due to the fact that people of different ages and genders require different amounts of glucose in their blood to carry out different metabolic processes. For example, a growing teenage boy would require a higher blood glucose concentration in comparison to a middle aged women. Blood glucose concentration must be maintained between this set point range because anything above or below this can cause severe problems. If blood glucose concentration becomes too low the tissues in the body that solely rely on glucose as an energy source are greatly affected, as they need a constant supply of glucose in order to function adequately. These
Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of chemical reaction by lowering their activation energy. The enzyme glucose oxidase is one of the most widely used enzyme as an analytical reagent due to its ability to identify the presence of glucose, its low cost and good stability. This report discusses the role of enzymes concentration in biological reactions and the catalytic activity of glucose oxidase on D-Glucose. The activity was studied by spectrophotometry and the results were first tabulated and then plotted. The results of this experiment indicate that the enzyme concentration has no major affect on the rate of
... to demonstrate that hemoglobin attaches to the VIVO2+ ion at two locations of comparable strengths, named β and γ. This study has also proven that the interaction of red blood cells cannot be ignored when the conveyance or the pharmacological properties of a V compound is taken into consideration. In general, this paper does well in supporting the information available concerning hemoglobin. This article boosts the information available, concerning the diseases, genetics and functions of hemoglobin proteins. The authors achieve this by getting down to the basic level via the examination of the crystallographic structures of hemoglobin. This research has demonstrated novel examples associated with hemoglobin, pertaining to its processes and its purpose of movement. This study has immense implications for the grasp and the management of various diseases of hemoglobin
Cancer is a disease in which cells multiply out of control and gradually build a mass of tissue called a tumor. There has been a large amount of research dedicated to the treatment and cure of cancer. Several types of treatments have been developed. The following are just some of the major examples of cancer therapy: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, biologic therapy, biorhythms, unconventional treatments, and hyperthermia. Each type of treatment is discussed in detail below.
After five the test tube was removed and cooled to room temperature. Three more test tubes were obtained and labeled 1, 2, and 3. The correct reagent was added to each test tube as seen. The spectrophotometer was adjusted
The topic of this article is medication error related to chemotherapy drugs. Forty percent of medication errors have been related to chemotherapy drugs. It is imperative that the nurses are properly trained on these medications and fully understand what is being administered before giving it to the patient as well as know what the proper dose is before administering anything to the patient. More importantly the nurse must pay close attention to their patient’s response to the chemotherapy given to the patient or it could lead to a serious injury or death.
Discussion The reaction of (-)-α-phellandrene, 1, and maleic anhydride, 2, gave a Diels-Alder adduct, 4,7-ethanoisobenzofuran-1,3-dione, 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-5-methyl-8-(1-methylethyl), 3, this reaction gave white crystals in a yield of 2.64 g (37.56%). Both hydrogen and carbon NMR as well as NOESY, COSY and HSQC spectrum were used to prove that 3 had formed. These spectroscopic techniques also aided in the identification of whether the process was attack via the top of bottom face, as well as if this reaction was via the endo or exo process. These possible attacks give rise to four possible products, however, in reality due to steric interactions and electronics only one product is formed.
Myoglobin consist of single polypeptide chain that made up of 153 amino acid and ahs a size of 18 kDa. Its three-dimensional structure was first determined by X-ray crystallography by John Kendrew in 1957. Myoglobin is a typical globular protein in that it is a highly folded compact structure with most of the hydrophobic amino acid residues buried in the interior and many of the polar residues on the surface. X-ray crystallography revealed that the single polypeptide chain of myoglobin consist of entirely of eight (labelled A-H) alpha-helical. Within a hydrophobic crevice formed by the folding polypeptide chain is the heme prosthetic group. This nonopolypepetide unit is noncovalently bound to myoglobin and is essential for the biological activity of the protein.
GHB, or gamma hydroxybutyrate, is a central nervous system depressant which can relax or sedate the body that is usually given in a clear liquid form that looks just like water and is usually found in small bottles, like empty Visine bottles, Gatorade bottles, or old water bottles. GHB can also come in the form of a light-colored power, which you mix into soda, alcohol, or water.
A Digi-Melt apparatus was used to measure the melting points of the benzoic acid and benzocaine samples which were extracted using the separatory funnel. Based on the observed melting point ranges for each sample, purity could be determined. A tight melting point range that is very close to the reference melting point is considered to be very pure. This is when the range is ~2 ̊C, but is not within 5 ̊C of the reference melting point range
V. Amarnath, D. C. Anthony, K. Amarnath, W. M. Valentine, L. A. Wetterau, D. G. J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, p. 6924-6931.
Molecular pharmacology deals with the biochemical and biophysical characteristics of interactions between molecules of different substances and those of the cell. In other words, it is molecular biology applied to pharmacologic and toxicologic questions. The methods of molecular pharmacology include precise mathematical, physical, chemical and molecular biological techniques to understand how cells respond to hormones or pharmacologic agents, and how chemical structure correlates with biological activity of various
Spectroscopy can help identify elements and compounds and elucidate the atomic and molecular structure by measuring the radiant energy absorbed or emitted by a substance at characteristic wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum on excitation by an external energy source. UV-Vis Spectroscopy is a technique useful for identification of organic and inorganic species and can be used for identification (qualitiative ana...