Sociological Perspectives and Theories
Sociologists try to explain how society orders itself but there are
many different theories for this, which often conflict with one
another. Some of these classic theories include Marxism,
Functionalism, and Interactionism. There are also more modern or
contemporary theories such as Feminism. Each sociological perspective
has different beliefs.
Marxists are concerned with the distribution of economic power and
wealth.
“Origins of sociological thinking can be traced to the scientific revolution in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century” (Kendall 11). In this time, great store was put on one’s possession of critical reasoning and experiences. In France the Enlightenment was dominated by a group called philosophes; these men believed that human society could be improved through scientific discoveries (Kendall 11). In France during this time period women were excluded from public life, but some women were able to influence the philosophes by participating in a “salon” which is much like an open house which encouraged discussion and debates. During these salon’s the men typically viewed the women as someone that was a good listener, or maybe even a mistress; they did not consider them intellectual equals. Sometimes they would even use the women’s thoughts and ideas like they were theirs (Kendall 11)
1 Most sociologists interpret social life from one of three major theoretical frameworks or theories: symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, or conflict theory. Describe the major points and key concepts of each framework. List at least one sociologist who is identified with each of these three frameworks.
As a young child my family fell into the category of lower-middle class, my parents are divorced and live in separate homes with separate incomes. My parents never had high paying jobs, and continually struggled to make ends meet, yet we were not as bad off as some other people in the world. Like the struggles I faced with my gender, I also faced issues with my social class. I never had as much growing up as the other kids, and had to work much harder to graduate high school and even harder to afford to attend university. With knowing this I cam to realize that I was not the only one who faced these struggles, that I was not the only one who had to over come tough times with my family. With this understanding of others around me, I was embracing the quality of sociological imagination just as C. Wright Mills states “What they need… is a quality of mind that will help them [see] what is going on in the world and… what may be happening within themselves. It is this quality… [that] may be called the sociological imagination.” (Mills 3-5) Understanding that the external force of my social class was affecting not only me but others around me, being a public issue not just a personal one, shows the quality of sociological
While studying sociology, it is necessary to develop a sociological imagination. It is helpful to learn the views and perspectives of sociology in order to better understand how social forces, social institutions, and social structures impact someone’s life. By having a better understanding of how these things contribute to our lives, we also have a better understanding of why certain events occur.
Sociology is the study of society and the interactions that occur within society itself. There are numerous methods of analyzing societies and the way the function, nonetheless, most methods fall in micro and macro level theories. Micro level theories allow sociologist to study smaller relationships such as individual or compact groups of people. On the other hand, macro level studies permit for larger scale investigations to take place. With both of these theories there are three theoretical perspectives used in sociology. Micro level theories include symbolic interactionism which focuses in interactions done with language and gestures and the means which allow such interactions to take place. Macro level theories include structural functionalism
Money is a strain on people who can hardly afford to support their families. This usually leads to anger towards each other and that will lead to arguments after arguments. Families could also work less hours, and spend more time with each other doing social activities. Families usually blame each other for their problem. It’s easier to blame each other than to blame the world. The couple blames one another to get the blame off of themselves. The husband may work too much because they need money, so the wife will end up getting angry because they don’t spend enough time together, but all of this is social problems. Sociological Imagination is the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and larger social influences. People blame social forces when they don’t want to blame themselves. Social imagination challenges certain values because people don’t expect to be responsible for the way things are, so ultimately we are playing into most of the social issues in the world today. So when people look at personal experiences and the social influences on them, it challenges certain standards because the reasons people go through those experiences can be stopped or changed. People who get divorced because of religion, politics, or money that is
To look at the world sociologically, one must first understand the definition of sociology. Sociologists, according to Peter L. Berger are people who are “intensively, endlessly, and shamelessly interested in the doings of men.” They study people in their natural habitat, which is wherever people gather. So in order to look at the world from this perspective, one should “think systematically about how many things we experience as personal problems are really social issues that are widely shared by others born in a similar time and social location as us.” (Pearson Custom Sociology, 5) This is known as the “sociological imagination”, first coined by C. Wright Mills. In The Promise, Mills describes how there is a connection between our problems and those of the social world. In order to understand these connections however, one must look at the different aspects that make up the social world and how they affect us. The various themes to understand when looking at the world sociologically are social structure, race and ethnicity, gender and sexuality, and social interaction.
When it comes to comprehending or understanding any concept to why individuals may do some of the things they do, there are social theories out there to help better explain those actions. Sociological theories help to focus more on the aspect of social life, as well as explain behaviors that can be driven by passion, tradition, self-interest, religion, and the laws we have set out today in stone. “Unlike scientific theories, social theories tend to be more evaluative and critical than the theories in the natural sciences” (Appelrouth A. S.; Edles D. L 2012) Today, an analytical frame is used to help guide the comparing and contrasting of the several theoretical perspectives and traditions. In simpler terms, this four way frame is basically used to help compare and contrast theorist better. There are four main cells that make up this analytical frame which include, individual-rational, individual-nonrational, collective-rational, and collective-nonrational. Also included into this basic theoretical orientation or framework, are the core classical theorists. Those influential theorists included into the framework are Mead, who falls into the individual-nonrational side, Durkheim whom falls into the collective-nonrational side, Weber whom falls into the collective-rational side, and Marx who is also included into the collective-rational side.
Intro to Sociology
When asked about transsexuals, Mildred Brown, author of True Selves quoted that it is a “dilemma of feeling trapped in the wrong physical gender.” Transsexuality is a phenomenon, which really has not been scientifically examined. Through talk shows such as Jerry Springer, Jenny Jones or the Maury Show, society tends to see a one-sided view on this matter. While watching the Maury Show, “Man or Woman”, the audience’s reaction to the transsexuals on stage were not of disgust but more of awe. They were in awe that a man could look so much like a woman and how some women showed very masculine features.