CHAPTER TWO: THEORATICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY The theory backing up this study is from the Social Ecological Model/Theory, which suggest that creating an environment conducive to change is important to making it easier to adopt healthy behaviors (McLeroy, Bibeau, Steckler 1988). The Model is used in this study to analyze the practices, perception of nurses, teachers and the health care teams in promoting the reproductive health education, counselling as well as to analyze the challenges faced in implementing the reproductive health policy in schools and at health centers. The theory further argues that, all these is influenced by factors at multiple levels, including Individual, Interpersonal, Organizational, Community and Policy /enabling …show more content…
The characteristics of an individual factors that influence perceptions and practices of a nurse and teachers in promoting RH education include: knowledge, attitudes, behavior, self-efficacy, developmental history, gender, age, religious identity, racial/ethnic/ identity, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, financial resources, values, and goals and expectations among others. For instance, the perceptions of a nurse or a teacher towards embracing the reproductive health education and counselling to adolescents, and their effectiveness in affording to promote good practices while providing the care, and the barriers which hinder their activities are expected to impact this influence. Also knowledge about the reproductive health of adolescents and values attached to it by the teachers, nurses and health planners might further be an important influence on their perceptions, practices and attitudes in conducting adequate reproductive health education, counselling and implementing relevant …show more content…
These factors also create or make it easier for nurses, teachers, health officials and the community to have a collective informational networks which helps in collaboration, consultation, designing a new policy guidelines and thus, creating a positive attitudes and perceptions to these key actors in the way reproductive health education, information, counselling and care for adolescents is a vital component of health care. Organizational factors such as the practices of health units and schools in promoting the reproductive health education and care can be observed when the health units and schools have rules and regulations for operations. For instance, if there is a time table for operations at the health centers, and if schools include reproductive health education and counselling programs in their curriculum, this will show how they practice and promote reproductive health education in
In developing this guide, ARHP/SRHU was addressing a major concern in regards to adolescent sexual and reproductive health: knowledge about accessibility of resources and the proper contraceptive methods to use for optimal protection against pregnancy and STIs. The workshop developed by ARHP had been designed with pre and post surveys in order to accurately assess the impact of the workshop on the participants. The surveys assessed the teens knowledge about parental permission, free services, whether ...
Since the HIV/AIDS epidemic began in the U.S. in the early 1980s the issue of sex education for American youth has had the attention of the nation. There are about 400,000 teen births every year in the U.S, with about 9 billion in associated public costs. STI contraction in general, as well as teen pregnancy, have put the subject even more so on the forefront of the nation’s leading issues. The approach and method for proper and effective sex education has been hotly debated. Some believe that teaching abstinence-only until marriage is the best method while others believe that a more comprehensive approach, which includes abstinence promotion as well as contraceptive information, is necessary. Abstinence-only program curriculums disregard medical ethics and scientific accuracy, and have been empirically proven to be ineffective; therefore, comprehensive sex education programs which are medically accurate, science-based and empirically proven should be the standard method of sex education for students/children in the U.S.
< Dailard, Cynthia. “School-Based Health Centers and the Birth Control Debate”. The Guttmacher Report on Public Policy. 3. 5 (2000): 5-7. Online. 18 Dec. 2009
Individuals often are uninformed of the effect that can come from unprotected sexual activity, many feel that information on this is penetrated into their mind to cause them to fear the image and thoughts that are associated because of their impurity. This topic should be discussed with a professional so that society is informed with the consequences of casual encounters, health educators are there to help promote safe sex,they also contribute with detecting and giving information to others on the various ways of abuse. Teenagers in this era have a different way of thinking that differs from previous generations they are now well informed of the effects of having unsafe sex, they are now more in the loop of all the thing that can happen from pregnancy, to aids and herpes.This paper will tell of a career as a Health Educator, and the variety of information they contribute to society, especially the youth of today. This will also further examine the variety of schools and programs that can help in molding of a successful Health Educator.
The public school system offers several different types of health care services to students concerning issues that are a problem in 21st century schools. Two of the top concerns in public school health care concern the on topics of reproduction and obesity. With over 50 million students attending public schools, it is important to recognize and understand that school systems have a responsibility to provide health care education and services that will educate and hopefully improve the health of all students.
Teenage sexual activity is a major problem confronting the nation and has led to a rising incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and teenage pregnancy. The existence of HIV/AIDS has given a sense of urgency to the topic of sex education. The issue of sex education in schools especially in the formative years has been a subject of intense debate among parents, school officials, health scientists and religious authorities worldwide for a considerable period of time. The debate centers on comprehensive sex education versus abstinence-only sex education in school. Abstinence only sex education is a sex education model that focuses on the virtue of abstinence from sexual activities; therefore, encouraging sexual abstinence until marriage. This form of sexual education completely ignores all other elements of comprehensive sexual education like safe sex and reproductive health education issues like the use of contraceptives and birth control methods. Comprehensive sex teaching encourages promiscuous sexual activity as “a natural part of life.” Proponents of abstinence only education activists cite several reasons why this type of education is the best. It focuses on the upholding of moral virtues. They also claim that sex outside marriage hat is “encouraged” by the comprehensive sex education which as a result, has some emotional and physical downfall especially when done at a very young age. They blame the comprehensive sex education for failing to discourage premarital sex especially at this time when the HIV pandemic is busy devouring young people in various parts of the world (Deborah 2). In fairness, both programs were designed to decrease the incidence of STDs...
The focal point of this report is the Victorian Health and Wellbeing plan 2015 – 2019, created by the Victorian State Government after the imminent success of the original Victorian Health and Wellbeing plan allying the years of 2011 – 2015. The plan shares the ambitions of the World Health Organisation’s Global action plan on prevention and control of non-communicable disease. These ambitions of the distinct plan are “to reduce modifiable risk-factors and underlying social determinants by creating equitable health-promoting environments while aiming to strengthen and orient health systems for disease prevention and control through people-centred healthcare” (Department of Health, 2015). The report will tackle the priority area of Improving Sexual Health and Reproductive Health along with major components of the priority area such as the determinants of health and the at-risk groups affected by such an alteration. The determinants discussed are both biological and social, the biological; sex, the social; the social gradient, education and social support. The at-risk groups influenced by the priority area are; adolescents, pregnant women and new born children.
Ecological theory is a theory developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner that states that the “systems” around you are vitally important in human development. Within the theory there are many systems including the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem. Each system is defined by a different aspect of a person’s surroundings that would affect their development. The systems begin with the aspect that is closest to you, your day-to-day life. The Microsystem includes all of the places, people, and experiences that are found in your daily life. These include school, work, parents. friends, neighbors, and so forth. The next most impactful system is the exosystem. The mesosystem is defined by two entities within your microsysytem affecting each other. The next system is called the exosystem. The exosystem is full of things that don’t affect you directly but will eventually
Since being developed by Bronfenbrenner in 1979 social ecological perspectives have been widely used to formulate practice guidelines and government policies when planning service needs for children, young people and their families. This essay will discuss what a social ecological perspective consists of, what limitations it may incur and how it can assist us in developing best practice and understanding when working with children, young people and families. It will draw on examples from K218 for illustrative purposes.
Sex and relationship education (SRE) supports children through their moral, physical and psychological aspects of growing up to be an adult, and making sure they have knowledge on relationships, sex, human sexuality and sexual health (Sex Education Forum, 2010). There are three main elements in SRE, the first element is attitudes and values, which is about developing positive values and being able to consider moral issues before they make their decisions on having intercourse (Kirby, 2007). The second element is personal and social skills, which is about teaching children to have the confidence to value themselves and others, to become respectful of individual conscience and the skills to judge the kind of relationship they want; the third element is about accessing the knowledge and understanding of human sexuality, reproduction, sexual health, emotions and relationships (Kirby, 2007). The potential effect of SRE should be seen in these three areas, which include reduction in teenage pregnancy, and the chances of getting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and being sexually assaulted, etc. SRE can either be given at home to the child by parents, in school by teachers, or in youth organizations, alternative educational institutions, or youth offending organizations by Shine staff or trained peer educators and volunteers (Levy 1992).
How much sexual knowledge adults should give to adolescents has been discussed for decades to decrease teenage pregnancy and sex related diseases. According to The National Campaign to prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy (2013), the U.S. has the highest rate of teenage pregnancy among developed countries, and about sixty eight girls per thousand became pregnant in 2008. To change this situation, the U.S. provides two kinds of sex education: abstinence-only sex education and comprehensive sex education. In contrast, Japan has one of the lowest rates among developed countries. Summing up the birth and abortion dates, at least 34,220 girls became pregnant in 2011 (Japanese Ministry of Health, 2011). Even though Japan has less teen pregnancy, lack of practical sexual knowledge has caused several tragic incidents in recent years. To give sexual knowledge to children, Japan provides fact-based sex education. Moreover, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are becoming serious problem recently. According to World Health Organization, 490 million people get STIs yearly (2013). To avoid teen pregnancy and STIs, sex education plays an important role for adolescents. However, because there are several programs, what adolescents learn is different depending on the kinds of sex education. Among the three kinds of programs provided in the U.S and Japan, comprehensive sex education is the most effective one. This paper focuses on the sex educations in the U.S and Japan and describes their features and effectiveness.
Akanbi, Moses Ayokunle, Gbemisola Wuraola Adetoro, and Omolola Omowunmi Okoya. "Undergraduates Perspectives On Sex Education And Teenage Pregnancy In Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria." Gender & Behaviour 11.1 (2013): 5146-5152. Academic Search Complete. Web. 11 Feb. 2014.
In order to change the situation, this action plan was carried out, aiming to reduce the percentage of adolescent pregnancy in school while providing scientific, suitable sex education towards students.
The concept of comprehensive social intervention has been defined as the process of identifying social problems in an attempt to eradicate them. In looking at the broad range of social characteristics and the behavior associated with teen pregnancy, it is obvious that the emphases placed on the effort to recognize and alleviate teen pregnancy can be celebrated through the effectiveness of education, family planning, and abstinence. However, the attempt to analyze and deal with the cause-and-effect relationship with teen pregnancy is an attempt in understanding the social world itself. In 2006, statistics show that there was a significant increase in teen pregnancy after a decade long decrease. The potential for understanding this increase motivates us to look beyond simple explanations for cause-and-effect behavior and to look at what interactions may be occurring between variables that result in specific behaviors or social conditions. What is it that influences behavior? In looking at teen pregnancy in the realm of the family, it is evident that a large number of family structures have evolved, or perhaps devolved, into a variety of combinations which challenge responsible parents to consistently expose their children to the role models and the types of behaviors that are important for their children to emulate as they mature. People are molded by circumstances and experiences, all of which can positively or negatively influence our behavior.
Sex education in schools has been a long debated subject among parents, teachers, government officials and students. The need for sex education has increased due the higher numbers of teen pregnancy and STD cases among school age kids. The pregnancy rate has more than doubled and teens have the highest rate of STD cases among all of the age groups (DeCarlo 1). The major questions are the type of material that should be discussed and whether the programs are actually helping the problem or adding to it. There are a lot of other questions that branch off from the major ones also. Since sex education has already been around for decades, it is very necessary for us to determine the effects of the educational programs over the years. This will help us to verify the quality of lessons being taught in the classes.