The research design that was employed by Martin for Sarah was a single-subject design. This is also called an A-B design. It simply means that the subject (Sarah) serves as her own control. There is no control group and experimental group in place, the data gathered is only from Sarah. It is a representation of her frequency of SIB (self-injurious behavior) over a four-day period with no intervention. Then an intervention is implemented which in this case a DRO or Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior was chosen. That also took place over a period of four days and the frequency of her SIB behaviors was again recorded. That data was then compiled into a comprehensive chart to visually show the changes that occurred within that eight-day period. The advantages of using an A-B design is that the data collected is personalized. It was not a study nor other people that influenced the data. The self-controlling factor insures that the results can be used directly for that person with maximum effect. It also makes it easier for ethics to be considered. In this case since it was only Sarah, Martin was able to design a treatment method that revolved around her specific ethical needs for everyone involved to be as safe as possible. If this was a group and not a …show more content…
The reason behind that belief is that the frequency of her SIB has decreased by over half after the intervention was implemented. The APA Code of Ethics section 3.04 is about avoiding harm. It’s all about not putting their clients in harm nor anyone else when it is foreseeable and unavoidable (Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct: APA). In this case it is within Martin’s knowledge that Sarah’s behavior is harmful to herself. To reverse the intervention out of pure research is in this case unethical because of the harm it would cause to her. It could lead to a worsening of the behavior than in the original baseline
Respect for Subjects, as defined by the U.S government, is to “show respect to human subjects, researchers must continue to check the well-being of each subject as the study proceeds. Researchers should remove subjects from the study if it becomes too risky or harmful.” (Emanuel et al. p.7, ¶7-8). The means that the doctors must keep checking on the subjects and must be removed if it was dangerous. Charlie wasn’t removed from the experiment even though it becomes harmful to him. This is why the study violates the principle of Respect for Subjects, as it doesn’t benefit Charlie, making this experiment treacherous. “I have already begun to notice signs of emotional instability and forgetfulness, the first symptoms of the burnout.” (Keyes June 5, ¶8). Charlie is struggling and is getting worse by the day, and Dr. Strauss and Nemur are not taking any action into it. At the same time, these doctors are still keeping Charlie in the experiment even though he is at discomfort. Later on in the passage, Charlie is at distress. “Deterioration progressing. I have become absentminded.” (Keyes June 10, ¶1). Charlie symptoms are getting worse progressively just because he recieved the experiment. He is returning back to his original state. In the story, Fair Subject Selection was clearly not applied to the experiment as is didn’t follow the regulation. The main reason why this
Analytic refers to the experimental demonstration of control. This dimension is concerned with if the control over the occurrence and non-occurrence of the behavior was able to produce a functional relation. Within this dimension it is most common to conduct single-subject designs as they are easy to observe if functional relations occur, they area also easy to
DuPont has been known for its low reliance on borrowings. In the 1970’s, the company had to assume a substantial portion of debt of Conoco, a newly acquired company. In 1983, the managers have to decide about the future optimal target debt ratio. Should the company continue to keep about 40% of its assets financed via debt or should it strive to lower its borrowings to 25%?
According to APA’s guidelines, John Watson’s “Little Albert” study would not be allowed today because of ethical violations. One ethical violation is the lack of consent from the subject. Little Albert could never give consent because he was an infant. Watson took advantage of the fact that Albert could not tell people that he wanted to withdraw from the study. Participants should always know what the study will involve and what risks might develop.
Wilson, G. (1981). Relationships between experimental and clinical psychology: The case of behavior therapy. International Journal Of Psychology, 16(4), 323-341. doi:10.1080/00207598108247423
Supportive of “Ashley Treatment” believe that it is for the best interest not only for Ashley X but also for those children that suffer with severe...
Experimental research is the one type of research that allows psychologists to make causal statements. It is where the researcher changes one or more variables that may have an effect on some other variables (King, 2016). The hypothesis is a specific expectation about what is going to happen in the experiment (King, 2016). In the research, the hypothesis was that women would perceive fat talk to be more socially acceptable than men (Katrevich et al., 2014). The other elements of experimental method are dependent and independent variables. The independent variable (IV) is the cause of the results, and it is changed by the experimenter to find the effects, but the dependent vari...
One, social disapproval, in which each participant was sat in a room with an experimenter and asked to play with toys while the experimenter read a book, if the child began to engage in self-injurious behavior the experimenter would make statements of disproval towards the participant. Two, academic demand, in which a child was asked to complete academic tasks, the participants were praised for successfully completing each task, however if they began to engage in self-injury the experimenter would stand up immediately and ignore them for 30 seconds. In the third, unstructured play, participants again were placed in a room with the experimenter and toys but no demands were made and they were given praise for playing. In the last condition, the participants were placed in a room alone without toys, and were simply observed.
The experiment used a 2X2 between-subjects factorial design. The first independent variable is the type of video (violent/nonviolent) the participants will be watching. The type of video was either violent or non-violent. Violent is defined as physical harm or force where someone is getting hurt. For example, the violent video involved an armed robbery at a convenience store where the perpetrator had a weapon and physically harmed the clerk at the convenience store. Nonviolent is defined as no physical harm is being done. For instance, at the nonviolent video involved a house robbery but no one was physically harm. The second independent variable is cued recall. The test would be of guided questions such as how many people were victimized? Where did the crime occur? Was there a weapon involved? To help participants with cued recall vs. free recall, which would be a free write about what the participants remembered. The dependent variable is the
Identify the chosen research method (experimental, survey, observation or correlational research) and if appropriate, the design used. (1 mark) I am using a lab experiment as my research method. I am using an independent groups design. PB4: Identify the advantages(s) and disadvantage(s) of the chosen research method. (2 marks)
In Of Mice and Men, it seems an incontrovertible law of nature that dreams should go unfulfilled. From George and Lennie’s ranch to Curley’s wife’s stardom, the characters’ most cherished aspirations repeatedly fail to materialize. However, the fact that they do dream—often long after the possibility of realizing those dreams has vanished—suggests that dreaming serves a purpose in their lives. What the characters ultimately fail to see is that, in Steinbeck’s harsh world, dreams are not only a source of happiness but a source of misery as well.
Randomized Controlled Trials can be used to in several types of evaluations, including new therapies (i.e. Cognitive behavioral therapy versus emotionally focused therapy when treating couples), community interventions, and diagnostic techniques (O'Brien, 2013). The RCT study design randomly assigns participants into an experimental group or a control group. As the study is conducted, the only expected difference between the control and experimental groups is the outcome variable being studied (O'Brien, 2013).
In conclusion, the theory of behaviorism is based on observable behaviors for easier quantification and data collection. Effective techniques such as behavior intervention and discrete trial training originate from this school of thought. The approaches are very essential in altering the maladaptive behaviors in adults and children (Cherry, 2011). Today, conditioning and the use of reward and punishment are used to help people learn accepted behavior and in other cases to help them stop problematic behavior (Coon & Mitterer, 2008). This has made behavior modification and training easy and possible. Therefore, Dr. John Watson played a tremendous role in the transition of psychology from the work of earlier scholars to the modern scholars.
Arrow Electronics is a distributor of electronic parts, including semiconductors and passive components. It was founded in 1935 and has reached number one position among electronics distributors by 1992. Arrow’s North American operations were headquartered in Melville, N.Y. Sales and marketing functions were divided among five operating groups. This case study focuses on the largest of Arrow’s groups, Arrow/Schweber (A/S).