Salinity is a one of the damaging environmental factor that reduce the productivity of plant. (Shahbaz et al., 2011, 2012; Adebooye et al., 2012; Perveen et al., 2012). All around the world 5% of arabale land adversly affected by salinity stress (D. Molazem, E.M. Qurbanov and S.A. Dunyamaliyev, 2013). Salinity affect the global dry land 2.1% (FAO 2003). Arid and semi-arid regions are affected by salinity due limited rainfall, high evapo-transpiration, and high temperature , low osmotic potential of soil and poor management (Azevedo Neto et al., 2006). 6.8 million hector area of Pakistan affected by salinity. There are many types of stresses in world but important one is salinity stress (Amirjani, 2011) that occur due to accumulation of high concentration of sodium and chloride ions in plant which cause adverse effects on plants growth (Shahbaz and Zia, 2011; Shahbaz and Ashraf, 2013). High concentration of sodium causes reduction in potassium ion (Naheed et al., 2008; Shahbaz et al., 2013). Sodium chloride enter in root of plants through its symplasmic transport, the casparian band and its transfer into the transpiration stream (Kanwal et al., 2011) Salt stress causes osmotic stress, ionic toxicity, oxidative stress and nutritional imbalance in plants ( Habib et al.,2010) Under saline condition (Moffat, 2002) water absorption through roots slowdown that causes low osmotic potential (Supper, 2003) Osmotic potential also slower down by accumulation of some solutes such as proline and soluble sugars (Youssef and Al-Fredan, 2008). Proline and soluble sugar increased with increasing sodium chloride concentration (Fozouni et al., 2012). Sugars, in addition to the role of regulating osmotic balance, also act as the... ... middle of paper ... ...photorespiration. In maize large number of soluble sugar and proline accumulated and number of amino acid and proteins reduces. There are many mechanisms to get high yield of maize by planting at the appropriate time (Anapalli et al., 2005). Photoperiod and temperature two important factors at a time of sowing. Planting date and variety selection are the major factors affecting maize production in addition to soil fertility, and irrigation (Ramankutty et al., 2002). Earlier planting of corn is preferable because of utilization of the entire growing season, achieving physiological maturity before frost, and proper drying; thereby increasing profit through reduced drying costs while delays in sowing date reduced individual kernel weight. Maize yield can be increased by planting high yielding varieties at proper time (Khan et al., 2009; and Arif et al., 2001)
Corn, or maize, plays a vital role in many areas of the world today, and each location views and handles corn in a different way. How they manage corn can show small details about the area and culture as a whole. Not only is corn a staple today, it also had a huge presence in the ancient Native American’s lives; corn is sometimes revered as a deity and other times as a gift to the people from the Creator or a hero of the culture.
The Effect of Light Intensity on the Rate of Oxygen Production in a Plant While Photosynthesis is Taking Place
Plasmolysis However when the plant cell is placed in a more concentrated solution the water inside the cell passes out the cell. The cytoplasm... ... middle of paper ... ...
Maize was first introduced to the Europeans by the Taino Indians. The American Indians used this crop for a variety of reasons to even include worshipping “maize gods”. Maize would be able to provide for humanity more than any other crop. The Old World had the labor power and land to produce such crop. Continuously growing in the vast majorities of fields, the crop is protected by its husk from the weather, birds and rodents. Being able to grow in most any type of weather condition, mai...
Osmosis is a type of diffusion which is only applied on water and is a passive process which does not require an input of energy from the cell; this is because materials are moving with the concentration gradient. Osmosis is a process that occurs at a cellular level, which entails the spontaneous net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane, from a region of high to low water concentration, in order to equalise the level of water in each region. This form of diffusion takes place when the molecules in a high concentration are too large to move through the membrane. The term semi-permeable or selectively permeable means that some substances can easily pass through the cell membrane, whereas others cannot. The significance of osmosis to cells is great, since it is the osmotic pressure that maintains the shape of an animal cell and provides support in the plant cells. Many factors affect the rate of osmosis including size of particles and temperature however in this particular experiment the factor investigated is the concentration of sodium chloride. Tubes of potatoes will be used to demonstrate the fact...
Aquatic plants that are sensitive to high levels of salt are likely to die because the salt absorbs the water, causing plant cells to shrivel and die (Gould). When amphibians and other semi-aquatic freshwater organisms swim in salty water they too shrivel up and die, similar to a slug covered in salt (Siegel). Salt running into bodies of water is disrupting the food chain and killing thousands of organisms every day. Sodium chloride is the effective ingredient in both table salt and road salt (Rastogi). The only difference is that road salt is unfiltered and unpurified.
Osmosis is a very important process which enables plants to support themselves by absorbing water and minerals through a partially permeable membrane. Plants are often surrounded by a film of water and a solution. Cell membranes often separate the two and Osmosis will occur. Hot water diffuses and enters at a faster rate because there is more energy whereas cold water enters at a slower rate because there is less energy. What do we have to do?
After that, the plant was placed on a slide and, instead of dropping a drop of water, a drop of the 10% salt solution was dropped on the plant. When placed under the microscope, it was observed that the chloroplasts were tightly packed in the middle of the cells. The 10% salt solution was hypertonic, while the cell was hypotonic, because of that, salt moved, through diffusion, to the inside of the cell, so that equilibrium could be reached. Also, the water from the cell, through osmosis, went from the hypotonic cell to the hypertonic solution. As the water leaves the cell, the volume decreases, and the cell shrinks.
Salt and our bodies. Salt inside our bodies is an electrolyte which helps conduct the electricity throughout our bodies, it is not a natural mineral in our bodies and that is why we eat it. However if too much salt is ingested it could cause our organs to stop working because they can’t keep up with the intake. Also hypernatremia, a common deficiency is when not enough salt is ingested or sodium is lost from the body to quickly. Ultimately this deficiency can lead to our brain swelling and even death (Freeman, 2007).
Corn, or maize, is native to the Americas. It was was domesticated several thousand years ago and become a staple crop in pre-conquest mesoamerica. It was so central to the mesoamerican diet that it is thought to have made up about 80% of the calories consumed. The importance of maize is further exemplified by its role in mesoamerican cosmovision. The Maya and other mesoamerican cultures believed that humans were made by the gods out of corn.
Corn is not the enemy here. Corn is a valuable resource. Unfortunately, the economic benefits of growing only corn are now outweighing the more ecologically beneficial practice of rotating crops. When we exclusively grow a single crop, it causes many problems, such as Colony Collapse Disorder in our honeybee numbers, malnutrition in our cattle industry from the reliance on cheap corn as a feed; this, in turn, causes the beef production industry to produce lower quality meat products for human consumption. Finally, the soil nutrients are being depleted at an astounding rate and this fact is now affecting the quality of the corn crops.
Throughout the history of the human race there have been a great number of crops that were discovered, planted, and over time domesticated. Wheat in the Middle East, rice in Asia, and rye in Eastern Europe are all some of today’s staple crops that feed millions every day. Crops like these make up over 50% of the world’s total food supply. However, the third most eaten crop in the world is maize, or corn, which provides 21% of human nutrition. Today maize feeds millions across the world, but its history is different from the others.
Plant roots absorb nutrients in order to be sustained. The mineral nutrients include nitrogen and iron when they are dissolved in water. If the soil solution is too acidic or basic, some nutrients will not dissolve easily. This means they will not be available for uptake by roots and plants will be deprived of them.
12. B. Hanson and D. May, “Effect of subsurface drip irrigation on processing tomato yield, water table depth, soil salinity, and profitability”, Agricultural Water Management, Vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 1-17, July, 2004.
When studying plant nutrition, it is important to analyze the sources of the nutrition. Plants absorb their nutrients using their roots in the soil, however soil is not a uniform nutritive source. The plant’s wellbeing depends greatly on the quality, composition, and thickness of the soil. To help categorize such a broad topic, scientists have implemented a naming scheme for the different levels of soil. The first layer is closest to ...