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Epidemiology Necrotizing fasciitis or flesh-eating bacteria is seen all over the world. It is more common in third world countries and in populations where people don’t have access to healthcare and are not properly educated in wound care (Efstratiou & Lamagni, 2016). Necrotizing fasciitis gains entry into the body by entering through a small cut or wound. So any activity or job where someone can be injured or obtain a cut or a wound puts them at risk of interacting with the bacteria. This explains why in countries or in certain populations where proper healthcare is limited the bacteria infection is more common. Nevertheless, despite the United States access to healthcare and continuous education on proper wound care cases of necrotizing fasciitis still occur. …show more content…
Necrotizing fasciitis can affect just about anyone, however, it is uncommon in children. Individuals who have chronic medical conditions such as diabetes, cancer, and other illnesses that can weaken the immune system puts them at a higher risk of developing necrotizing fasciitis when compared to individuals whose immune system is stronger. About 20 to 40% of the cases of necrotizing fasciitis in the United States occur in individuals who are diabetic (Edlich, 2015). People whose health or whose immune systems are stronger are at a lower risk of developing necrotizing fasciitis. However, these individuals, as stated above, can contract necrotizing fasciitis and they actually account for approximately one half of the annual cases in the United States (Edlich,
Plantar fasciitis is caused from muscles and ligaments that alter the calcaneous (the big bone on hill of foot) (Daniels and Morrell 2012). The alteration of these muscles and ligaments will inflict pain and discomfort on the patient, and if not treated will cause failure of ligaments, bones, and muscles. The patient was tested with a simple squat technique that showed his heels were coming off the ground (Daniels and M...
The majority of clinical cases of laminitis occur at pasture where there is an accumulation of rapidly fermentable non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) such as fructans, simple sugars or starches (Geor, 2010). Pasture-associated laminitis has major economic and welfare implications in the equine sector. Increased risk factors include insulin resistance, increased insulin secretory response, hypertriglyceridaemia and obesity (Asplin, et al., 2007;Carter, et al., 2009 and de Laat, et al., 2010). Insulin resistance has been associated with a number of problems in the horse, most notably laminitis. Insulin resistance can be defined as a physiological condition in which cells have a diminished response to normal actions of the hormone insulin. Insulin is produced but the cells become resistant and are less capable in transporting glucose from the bloodstream to muscle and other tissues. In horses, insulin resistance is associated with a number of diseases such as Equine Metabolic Syndrome (Powell, et al., 2002; Hoffman, et al., 2003;Vick, et al., 2006 and Frank, et al., 2009), Equine Cushing Disease (McGowan, et al., 2004 and Walsh, et al., 2009) and Laminitis (Treiber, et al., 2006;Bailey, et al., 2007;McGowan, 2008 and Geor, 2008). Obesity and insulin resistance in ponies has become a common problem and there is a growing awareness on the role that diet and exercise has to play (Jeffcott, et al., 1986; Frank, et al., 2006 and Vick & Adams, 2007). Over-expressed adipocytokines, such as leptin, have been suggested to impair insulin signalling and cause the up regulation of inflammatory cytokines. This then further contributes to impaired insulin signalling and endothelial dysfunction (Radin, et al., 2009). The restriction of energy throu...
Simple infections are no longer death sentences, however, immunities to these antibiotics are appearing. The use of antibiotics save lives by crippling the ability of bacteria to damage the human body, and antibodies act as a sidekick to the immune system when fighting off life-threatening illnesses. In “The Life of a Peasant”, William Stearns Davis (1922) focuses on what life would be like for the lowest tier of people in a feudalistic state, and he concluded that often in a world without antibiotics, people lose their lives to easily preventable medical conditions, regardless of whether they are a king or a peasant. Antibiotics are used to fight infections that could otherwise prove deadly. In a time before antibiotics, life was much more difficult for all involved. Before antibiotics were used, many died of simple cuts or scratches that later got infected. If action is not taken, superbugs could grow immune to all of the antibiotics we possess. Superbugs are becoming immune to the ways we fight them, which forecasts a world without the ability to fight these superbugs. In the article “Superbugs Causing Infections at a Tertiary Care Hospital and the Return of Pre-Antibiotic Era!” Kalyan Rajkumar (2016), associate professor of microbiology at King George 's Medical University, as well as his research team, discusses the prevalence of a strain of E. coli that is mostly immune to the majority of current
The treatment of PUs can be a complex process because of several interplaying factors such as co-morbidities, immobility, age, spinal bifida, and other factors. (Porter, M., & Kelly, J., 2014). From the time of the admission, a proper risk assessment (Braden Risk Scores) and proper skin assessment, documentations, and the treatment goals needs to be established by the nurse (Qaseem, Mir, Starkey, & Denberg, 2015). In the Atlanta VA Medical Center, I came to know from the Nurse Educator that if PU is developed because of malnourished, diabetics, older age, obese, and long-term hospital bedbound patients, they were referred to wound care specialists and nutritionists for quality treatment and dietary education. Proper hospital protocols for regular skin inspection and intervention should occur at the units if the patients are at risk for developing PUs. It is in the care of bedside nurse and the wound nurse to prevent the illness by doing regular assessment for timely interventions (Varga,
“The CDC is the primary developer of national infection control and prevention guidelines, often in collaboration with its Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, which is responsible for research and dissemination of the latest information for preventing disease transmission” (Griffis, 2013, p. 175). Infection control will continue to be a topic of discussion as long as germ transmission is still happening. Among these studies is the concern the frequent nonadherence to contact precautions is a huge issue that many studies are still very concerned about (Jessee & Mion, 2013, p. 966). The writer is also concerned with the blatant disregard for hand hygiene that appears to be happening in the medical field. What about what is best for the patient. Do the people that do not use proper hand hygiene not understand how important it
Necrotizing Fasciitis (flesh eating bacteria ) from an essay by Katrina Tram Duong, edited by S.N. Carson M.D.
Normal skin has many types of bacteria living on it. Cellulitis can occur in anyone. Increases risk factors include: Diabetes, cracks or peeling skin between toes, skin wounds/trauma, chronic lower leg edema, Athletes foot, insect bites/stings or bites from animal or human, obesity, corticosteroid medications or medications that suppress the immune system , poor leg circulation (peripheral...
Do you know that the bacterium behind ulcers was discovered by accident? In 1982, two Australian doctors Barry Marshall and Robin Warren were trying to culture the bacteria but it was extremely difficult. When they wanted to culture the bacteria, they only waited the usual two days for each experiment. One day they accidently left some Petri dishes in the lab and went on the Easter holiday. After five days when they came back, growth of colonies on the Petri dishes were noticed. They were the first scientists who could culture the bacteria. Later, those bacteria were named Helicobacter pylori. This discovery helped in understanding ulcers. Marshall and Warren were awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize for their discovery of H. pylori. These bacteria are widespread worldwide. More than 50% of the world population is infected with H. pylori; although, not everyone who is infected with H. pylori suffer its symptoms. Because of its high prevalence, scholars are studying its spread trying to find how we get infected. About 30 years since the discovery of H. pylori and still different scholars are giving different hypotheses of the mechanism of H. pylori spread. By looking at the different suggested hypotheses of the mechanisms of spread, it becomes clear that they are related to culturally-specific habits because of the biological mechanisms of spread. This suggests that effective prevention will involve different mechanisms of public awareness and educational campaigns that challenge cultural beliefs, values, and practices.
Feces, viruses, staph, Salmonella and hand-foot-mouth disease. These are just a few of the things that can be on our hands from normal daily living. With compromised immune systems, open wounds and other issues, these are very harmful. That is why it is so important to keep proper hand hygiene in mind at all times. Hospital infections affect almost two million people in the United States every year, 100,000 of whom die. Up to 70 percent of infections could be prevented if the health care workers follow recommended protocol (Michigan Health Lab, May 26, 2016). Nobody wants to know that when your food has
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a life-threatening condition that manifests as inflammation of the intestines. This devastating disease affects mostly premature babies, who account for up to 8 out of every 10 cases. In NEC, bacteria invade the intestinal wall and the local infection and inflammation lead to destruction of the intestinal lining and/ or its entire thickness. A breach in the integrity of the bowel wall enables bacteria to escape into the abdominal cavity. By this means, the bacteria cause a massive infection, which has the ability to progress quickly and may lead to death if not treated immediately. Hence, NEC is a medical emergency.
This inflammation causes severe pain with movement of the joint, often limiting the movement of the affected area. Bursitis commonly strikes the shoulders, elbows, knees, pelvis, hips or Achilles tendons. Bursitis can affect nearly anyone for any number of reasons. It affects mainly adults, both male and female. The individuals most at risk are people who engage in excessive and improper stretching and people who are involved heavily in athletic training.
our everyday lives bacteria is constantly surrounding us, some of the bacterium that we encounter are beneficial to us but then there are the ones that are severely detrimental to our health. The way that they effect a persons body can differ from person to person. Many of the “microscopic foes” are very resilient and have a very fast reproduction rate. Not only do they reproduce quickly they sometimes seem to outsmart our immune system and not allow our bodies to fight the infection making it almost impossible to stop them. One thing that a lot if people rely on is the assistance of prescription drugs to get them better but even the drugs are not being effective and we can’t stop the pathogens from invading our personal places such as work, home, school, or anywhere. Even though modern medicine is advancing the pathogens could still get the get the best of us. The scary thing is we never know when the next pandemic or epidemic is going to arise. All it needs is some ordinary microbe to swap genes with a deadly germ to produce a “super pathogen” and it could happen to anyone, anywhere, as it did to Jeannie Brown who is from “our neck of the woods”.
Deadly diseases, such as Tetanus are still found in our modern society. Most correlate the act of stepping on a rusty nail with Tetanus. Truthfully large or even very small open wounds may present an opportunistic
which is commonly diagnosed by prolonged pressure to the skin. A decubitus ulcer forms when constant pressure is put on skin and can damage the underlying tissue (Mayo Clinic, 2014). For example, persistent sitting in a wheelchair. It is an injury to the skin that is usually over a bony prominence like the sacrum (Kirman, C. et al. 2014). The National pressure ulcer advisory panel (NPUAP) explains that these sores result in ischemia, cell death, and tissue necrosis to the skin. The categories include four stages and two which are deep tissue injuries (NPUAP). Patients that use a wheelchair and have other disabilities have a higher chance developing pressure sores which limits their opportunity to position themselves (Mayo Clinic, 2014).
However, some of them can cause intestinal infection. Bacteria which can cause infections can enter to human body of different ways. Meat contaminated with E.coli bacteria during processing, contaminated water, from person to person and through improper food handling. Infected faeces of animals or human sometimes get into lakes, water supplies or pools so people can become infected when they use this contaminated water. The infected meat needs to be cooked to 160 F0 (71C0) if it is cooked below that the bacteria can survive and affect the person who eats that meat. Any food, which is in contact with row meat, can become