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Red Scare America 1920
World War I was finally over, however, there was a new threat to
Americans. This threat was Communism, which was greatly feared by most
U.S. citizens. Communism is "a system of social and economic organization
in which property is owned by the state or group, to be shared in common
or to be distributed among members of the community equally or in
proportion to their respective needs."* In 1919, no more than one-tenth of
the adult American population belonged to the newly formed Communist
movement, and even this small percentage were greatly persecuted.
Although American "Reds" caught most of the fury of the raids, it was not
just the Communists who had stirred national panic. Emotions that had
been building since the turn of the century were brought out during World
War I, and then burst into a "xenophobic" (fear and hatred of foreigners)
repression.
Late in the afternoon of Friday, January 2, 1920, agents from the
Department of Justice raided a Communist headquarters and began arresting
thousands of people in major American cities throughout the nation. They
poured into private homes, clubs, pool halls and coffee shops, arresting
citizens and aliens, Communists and non-Communists, tearing apart meeting
halls and destroying property. The Agents put their victims in jail, held
them without an attorney, and interrogated them. The prisoners who could
demonstrate that they *As quoted from The Lincoln Library copyright 1961
were American citizens were released. Aliens were released a few days
later unless they were members of the Communist Party or the Communist
Labor Party. These were the two groups that were formed from the American
Communist movement. In two days, nearly five thousand people were
arrested, and nearly five thousand were seized in the cleaning up that
followed during the next two weeks. The arrests were carried out with
total disregard for the rights of the prisoners.
There are some psychological views that might help to explain why the
events of 1919 -1920 took place. Some Americans during this time were
always on the verge of attacking. They were hostile toward minorities,
extremely patriotic, and ready to rid their nation of any intruder that
seemed to threaten them. The postwar effort for "one hundred percent
Americanism" may have left our citizens with the desire to keep our
country pure. The Russian Revolution in the fall of 1918 also contributed
to America's unrest. In a violent outburst, the Communists took control
of the Russian government and murdered the Tsar and his entire family
General Lee said, to be a good soldier you must love the army, to be a good general you must be prepared to order the death of the thing you love, and therein lies the great trap of soldiering. When you attack you must hold nothing back." Thomas J. Jackson was both a good soldier and a good general. In the Mexican War he fought with all his heart for his country. When the Civil War came, he was a general. He never hesitated to send his men forward. He held nothing back. George McClellan also fought with all his heart for his country in the Mexican War. When the time came to send his men forward in the Civil War, he couldn’t do it. He loved the army to much to order its death.
After the First World War and partly as a reaction to it, there existed a strong isolationist sentiment among the American people. Forgetting the domestic social reform of the Progressive era many Americans resented its interventionist stance and wished to go back to the isolationist foreign policy of the Guilded Age. In 1920, President Harding called this going back to normalcy'.
power to buy land and rent it cheaply to the people in an attempt to
It is often conceptualized that property is the rights of 'ownership'. In common law property is divided into real property, which is the interests in land and improvements there, and personal property, which are interests in anything other than real property. Personal property is divided into tangible property (such as a bike, car and clothse), and intangible property (such as bonds and stocks), which also includes intellectual property (copyrights, trademarks etc). The modern property rights conceive of possession and ownership as belonging to legal individuals, even if the individual is not a real person. Hence, governments, corporations and other collective forms of ownership are shown in terms of individual ownership.
The antislavery movement before 1830s was menial, partially slow and not well supported. The antislavery movement before the 1830s was the spark of fire that led to the abolitionist acts after the 1830s. Abolitionism of the 1830s and on led to a great movement in America. The division of a country came at hand, leading up to various riots white men themselves killing each other over the freeing of slaves. The subjugated Negros fighting for a true place in American society under the hands of various abolitionist leaders who gave it all to stand up for the African Americans. They were to be heard all over the union causing divisions and discomfort throughout a close to dividing nation. Abolitionist movement after the 1830s had a greater impact on the nation as a whole with a spark of the antislavery acts before the 1830s and the failure of this movement, the very well spoken and praised leaders, and the well spoken and touching propaganda against slavery.
Americans knew about Communism because Communists had been at large in the country for years. When the Bolshevik revolution succeeded in Russia, it sent a shock wave in America. Americans have never been sympathetic to radicalism in any form. People that were associated with radicalism, rightly or wrongly, were harassed, lynched, jailed and subject to all sorts of bias. Thousands were arrested in 1920 and often held for long periods without trial. The Red Scare of 1920 was a precursor of McCarthyism (Baughman 200).
Black Scare in the 1920’s was the movement of southern blacks into northern cities during the early 1920’s which caused fear in many whites. The Ku Klux Klan (or the KKK) was a secret society created by white southerners that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their rights. Throughout history, this secret organization have used acts of terrorism including murder, rape, and bombing. They wore masks, white cardboard hats, and white sheets.
America has endured many difficult times throughout history. One such time is known as the McCarthy era. During the early 1950's, "witch hunts" occurred of suspected communists. One only needed to be suspected of communism to be accused. Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin, in order to gain political power, capitalized on the fear of communism in the United States in the early 1950's by falsely accusing innocent citizens of political corruption, thus creating a lasting impact on the government, entertainment industry, and history of America.
...s against the Unions 130,000. The plan wasn’t for complete annihilation but to route the enemy, routing an enemy means to deter them to the point of they retreat. While Lee held the front lines LTG Jackson came around the flanks for the enemy with 28,000 troops inflicting immense amounts of casualties upon the Union soldiers, consequently victory had its cost.
Famed Confederate General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson’s legacy is hardly easy to define. His is most remembered for cunning speed and brutality in battle and many consider him without equal. The same strategies Jackson used in the Shenandoah Valley campaign were scrutinized by both Rommel and Patton for inspiration in WWII. Jackson’s personal discipline carried over into his command. Although his men were often barefoot and near starvation, he pushed them forward into battle, not wishing to sacrifice the element of surprise. Many of his battles were actually waged on Sundays which contradicts Jackson’s steadfast devotion to Christianity that many attribute to fanaticism.
What caused such an incredible uprising? What caused so many people to rally behind, in many cases, unfounded accusations that would ruin other peoples lives unjustly? What caused not just the movement but the movement known as McCarthyism? It has historically proven that a simple action can have many complex causes, while a movement can have immeasurable causes underlying its beginning and the momentum that keeps it alive. Leaving the little, but not insignificant causes alone, the major causes of McCarthyism were the attitude of the United States toward communism, the sense of superiority within the United States, and McCarthy's own position.
Racism was a serious issue from the 1870’s to the 1900’s and seemed to be never ending. During this time, white people thought they were superior to all other races. They believed that all other races were inferior to them and treated them as if they were. They were brutal and nasty to them just because they were not the same race as them. During this time, the two major groups that were targeted were the Native Americans, African Americans, and Filipinos.
As World War I was heading towards its end Russia was focusing on internal issues. Led by Vladimir Lenin the Bolsheviks embarked on a campaign against the war. Using propaganda which focused on trying to turn the allied troops against their officers Lenin looked to inspire a socialist revolution. The Bolsheviks were also fueled by the poor conditions of the Russian Army. Nicholas II, in a letter to his wife Alexandra, admitted the obstacles that the Russian Army faced, "Again that cursed question of shortage of artillery and rifle ammunition - it stands in the way of an energetic advance." Czar Nicholas tried to deny the fact that his Army was in no condition to continue the fight. Lenin and the Bolsheviks used this information to gain the support of the Russian people who had grown to resent Russian involvement in the war. With the constant failures the Russian military faced the Bolsheviks took this opportunity to take action. On 25 October 1917 the Lenin-led Bolsheviks seized control of the Russian government. This Russian revolution had little effect on America until 1919. With the war over Americans began to focus more on domestic matters, the biggest issue being the fear of communism in the United States. 1919 Marked the beginning of the first Red Scare. This was a period of extreme fear of communism in America. One of the main missions of the Bolsheviks was to spread Communism around the world. Americans, against the idea of government controlling every aspect of its citizens' lives, took any action they could to prevent it from spreading to the United States. The main leader of this state of hysteria was A. Mitchell Palmer, President Wilson's Attorney General. Palmer feared that communist agents were trying to infiltrat...
Kambili describes how Papa explains to her and Jaja they will visit their grandfather: “Kevin will take you. Remember, don’t touch any food, don’t drink anything. And, as usual, you will stay not longer than fifteen minutes. Fifteen minutes” (Adichie 61). While Kambili listens to her father inform her that she must not touch the food or stay longer than fifteen minutes, reveals Kambili's initial doubts about Papa-Nnukwu. She wants to express her feelings; however, she knows her father would not accept her true thoughts and feelings. The external conflict exhibits the limitation her father places on, not just her but her entire family, demonstrates the internal conflict between her feelings and what she should do to satisfy her father. In addition to her not being allowed to visit her grandfather, Kambili’s father finds out that she had stayed in the same house as her Papa- Nnukwu. At
In recent years, many technological advancements have led to a new form of entertainment for society. One of the soaring forms of this entertainment is video games. While the sale of games continue to rise at a drastic rate, game designers and the media focus the public's attention on violent video games, since it seems to currently be to the more attractive type of game, not only among the public, but the gaming industries as well. As these games become increasingly popular, there has been an abundance of researchers and health officials that say that such games result in increased violence among juveniles. Many believe that violent video games cause behavioral problems and therefore increase crime rate and violence among youth; however, research has shown that some of these studies are inaccurate because they do not effectively measure aggression and that these games can contribute in a positive way.