I. INTRODUCTION
The role of women in American history has evolved a great deal over the past few centuries. In less than a hundred years, the role of women has moved from housewife to highly paid corporate executive to political leader. As events in history have shaped the present world, one can find hidden in such moments, pivotal points that catapult destiny into an unforeseen direction. This paper will examine one such pivotal moment, fashioned from the fictitious character known as ‘Rosie the Riveter’ who represented the powerful working class women during World War II and how her personification has helped shape the future lives of women.
II. BODY
To understand the significant changes within the role of women, it’s important to look at the position women held in society prior to World War II. In a famously quoted ruling by the United States Supreme Court in a case denying a woman’s right to practice law, the following excerpt penned by the Honorable Joseph P. Bradley in 1873 sums up how women were perceived during that period of time by their male counterparts. Bradley declared, "The paramount destiny and mission of women are to fulfill the noble and benign offices of wife and mother -- this is the law of the Creator" . While many women may agree that the role of wife and mother is a noble one, most would certainly not agree this position would define their destiny.
As many women took on a domestic role during this era, by the turn of the century women were certainly not strangers to the work force. As the developing American nation altered the lives of its citizens, both men and women found themselves struggling economically and migrated into cities to find work in the emerging industrialized labor movement . Ho...
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...ov/rori/index.htm, 2011
Santoro, Gene., Top Secret Rosies: The Female Computers of WWII. 2011, Volume 25 Issue 6, p.70, Accession Number: 58110946
Siebel, Julia M., Remembering the Riveter. Organization of American Historians. OAH Newsletter, p. 15. 2005
Sorensen, Aja, Rosie the Riveter: Women Working during World War II. Retrieved from http://www.nps.gov/pwro/collection/website/rosie.htm, (n.d.)
Triche, Warren, 'Rosie the Riveter' reminder of women's history. Retrieved from http://www.dm.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123248522, 2011.
U.S. Supreme Court Center, Bradwell v. State of Illinois. Retrieved from http://supreme.justia.com/us/83/130/case.html, Justia.com, 2011.
Williams, Timothy, Geraldine Doyle, Iconic Face of World War II Dies at 86. New York Times Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/30/us/30doyle.html?_r=2&ref=obituaries. 2010.
In this essay, the author
Analyzes how the role of women in american history has evolved over the past few centuries, from housewife to highly paid corporate executive to political leader. this paper will examine one such pivotal moment, fashioned from the fictitious character known as ‘rosie the riveter’.
Analyzes how the united states supreme court's 1873 ruling sums up how women were perceived by their male counterparts prior to world war ii.
Explains that women were not strangers to the work force in the turn of the century, as the developing american nation altered the lives of its citizens.
Explains that during world war ii, the united states began to manufacture war materials to support its allies through lucrative government defense contracts.
Explains how the government devised a propaganda enriched advertising campaign to motivate the masses of women by appealing to their sense of patriotism.
Explains that the henry kaiser shipyard in richmond, california, employed up to 120,000 workers, most of whom were women. the rosie the riveter/world war ii national historical park researches and interprets the war effort's history.
Explains that women faced daily challenges from their male supervisors, who greatly underestimated the ability of their female employees.
Explains that there is another set of lesser known ‘rosies’ who served in the workforce during world war ii and are known by some as “top secret rosies”.
Explains that every shell, bomb that found an axis target did so because of these women's painstaking, pre-computer calculations for velocity, trajectory, and so on.
Explains that these amazing women contributed to the success of the war. other notable female achievements included those that assisted with the manhattan project in los alamos and those who served as code breakers for the national security agency.
Explains that geraldine doyle was the face behind the famous "we can do it" poster of rosie the riveter.
Explains that after the war, women were told they had to leave their jobs, especially those who were married and felt overburdened with home and work responsibilities. rosie's image faded into the folds of history and was replaced by new advertisement during the 1950s.
Opines that rosie's iconic image would again emerge within various campaigns, such as the feminist movement in the 1980s who used the poster’s image to challenge gender stereotypes and promote equality.
Explains that during world war ii, when the american labor market was in desperate need, a call for aid was sent out, for which many women responded.
Explains the real story of "rosie the riveter": a ford motor company employee.
Describes the military history of geraldine doyle, aka rosie the riveter.
Cites siebel, julia m., 'rosie the riveter' reminder of women's history.
On December 7th, 1941, approximately 360 Japanese aircrafts attacked the U.S. Naval Base in Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii1. The Pearl Harbor attack took the American Army completely by surprise, and angered the country as a whole. Americans took the Pearl Harbor attack as a personal blow, and changed the minds of all who still believed in American neutrality in the war. The U.S. Congress declared war on Japan on December 8, 1941, officially entering the U.S. into World War II. With the start of the war, came many changes in the everyday life of ordinary Americans. There were many shortages in household items, such as flashlights, batteries, waffle irons, plastic toys, and tea2. On the East Coast, the supply of gasoline was reduced by 20%, and the rationing of many household items and food was introduced into many homes of American citizens3. One of the biggest changes in ordinary American life during this time was brought about by the draft, which resulted in the loss of roughly 12,209,240 American men by 1945 who had gone to join the armed forces4. During World War II, the number of men away at war resulted in America being in desperate need of more factory hands to manufacture weapons and supplies for the troops and of service in the military itself. The women of America then found themselves being thrust into these positions and offered occupations of higher respect, rank, and pay than previously. The immense number of women who participated in World War II played an imperative role in increasing the freedom of American women in the workplace, in the military, and on the home front.
In this essay, the author
Explains that the pearl harbor attack took the american army by surprise, and changed the minds of all who believed in american neutrality in the war.
Explains that the massive number of women who worked in factories and workplaces was crucial to the war effort because they manufactured almost all of the materials and weapons that were used by the army during world war ii.
Describes how the office of war information created a popular propaganda poster of "rosie the riveter" to encourage women to go to work.
Explains that the women's auxiliary army corps (waac) was established for the purpose of making available to the national defense the knowledge, skill, and special training of women.
Reviews penny colman's rosie the riveter: women working on the home front in world war ii.
Analyzes sherna b. gluck's rosie the riveter revisited: women, the war, and social change.
Analyzes jeanne m. holm's in defense of a nation: servicewomen in world war ii.
Explains that the army nurse corps (anc) was the first group of women who were officially a part of the u.s. army, although they didn't have the same rank or pay as men.
‘Rosie the Riveter’ is the name of a fictional character which was created to represent and symbolize the millions of real women who were encouraged by the North American government to join the work force in factories, munition plants and shipyards during World War II, while most men were called to duty to serve in the army during the war.
In this essay, the author
Describes rosie the riveter as a fictional character created to represent and symbolize the millions of real women who were encouraged by the north american government to join the work force in factories, munition plants and shipyards during world war ii.
Explains that the united states enjoyed a period of cultural and economic prosperity through the 1920’s, which ended with the great depression in 1929.
Explains that women gained notoriety during the depression as they were seen as the "pillar" of every family, staying home and raising their children while men sought jobs and that paid well.
Explains that with the bombing of pearl harbor by the japanese in 1941, a large percentage of america's men and some volunteering women were called to serve in the military at home, and (mostly) abroad.
Analyzes how redd evans and john jacob loeb wrote a song called "rosie the riveter" which was played on the radio and broadcast to the entire nation.
Explains that there are many advertising posters, including one by j. howard miller and another by norman rockwell.
Analyzes how rockwell's 'rosie', which appeared on the cover of the saturday evening post in the 29th of may 1943, was inspired by a real woman by the name of mary doyle.
Explains that patriotism influenced women differently depending on their age, race, class, marital status, and number of children.
Explains that the number of women whose jobs involved the actual act of riveting was very little. the manufacturing workforce never exceeded 10% of the entire women's working class.
Explains that the efforts of the recruitment campaign were an absolute success. by 1945, there were about 20 million women in the workforce — a raise from the 12 million in 1940.
Analyzes how the women filled in for the absent men, but earned roughly 65 percent less than the men. they also had to deal with other problems like the exclusion from higher-ranking positions.
Explains that rosie represented every single woman who embodied this icon and filled in for the absent men in the war, taking up rough jobs and trying to make a difference.
Explains that the rosie movement changed the role of women, how society saw them, and how they saw themselves in the society.
"Women in WWII at a Glance." The National WWII Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Apr. 2014.
In this essay, the author
Explains that during world war ii, around 350,000 women served in the united states armed forces. many women took the liberty of playing sports for entertainment.
Explains that gender equality has been an issue in america since the first day it was inhabited.
Explains that women in the league had to look like ladies and play like men. the portrayal in a league of their own was done exceptionally well.
Cites the national women's history museum and the gilder lehrman institute of american history.
Lang Eleanor, Her War: American Women in World War II, iUniverse, December 28, 2003, 41
In this essay, the author
Explains that the war brought women closer to battle than ever before. the role of women nurses was crucial, as it was the difference between life and death for many wounded soldiers.
Explains that the army nurses who served in world war ii were recognized for their hard work and dedication, contributing to the low mortality rate experienced by military casualties. the nursing profession changed the role of women in society.
Opines that they found the book the most useful because it had detailed information about the role of women during the war.
Explains that they used this book for basic facts about women nurses and world war ii soldiers. it didn't provide too much historiographical detail, but it gave them enough information to make key points.
Explains that the website provided basic facts and statistics that they used throughout their paper, specifically in the beginning when they gave information about important dates, amount of casualties, etc.
Analyzes lang eleanor, her war: american women in world war ii, iuniverse, december 28, 2003.
Explains that the end of world war ii changed the face of military nursing. before the war, women were restricted to purely feminine jobs, such as welding, machine repair, making weapons and ammunition.
Explains that the 48th surgical hospital was designed to be among the "forward" hospitals, which were those closest to the fighting troops. in the pacific, the army nurse corps signed up nearly 1,000 nurses.
Explains that 12,000 nurses served in the army nurse corps, which stressed proper army organization, such as field sanitation and chemical and mechanized attack.
Cites bernard rostker, providing for the casualties of war: the american experience through world war ii, rand corporation, and mercedes herrera graf, women doctors in war.
Analyzes how the book gave a brief insight into the feelings of males and neutral americans who discouraged women entering the war front as part of the medical care staff.
In a 1944 magazine article, Eleanor Roosevelt claimed that American “women are serving actively in many ways in this war [World War II], and they are doing a grand job on both the fighting front and the home front.”1 While many women did indeed join the workforce in the 1940s, the extent and effects of their involvement were as contested during that time as they are today. Eleanor Roosevelt was correct, however, in her evaluation of the women who served on the fighting front. Although small in number due to inadequate recruitment, the women who left behind their homes and loved ones in order to enlist in the newly established Women’s Auxiliary Army Corp (WAAC), and later the Women’s Army Corps (WAC), were deemed invaluable to the war effort.
In this essay, the author
Opines that eleanor roosevelt was correct in her evaluation of the women who served on the fighting front.
Explains that the women's auxiliary army corps had difficulty acquiring its projected quota when it was established in may 1942.
Explains that many women did not enlist simply because they didn't know what the wacs even did. these false perceptions stemmed from the war department's failure to explain what current wacs were doing, which was hesitant because as of january 1, 1944, over half of them were fulfilling secretarial roles.
Explains that many dedicated women, out of a sense of patriotism, signed up to serve their country. although the wacs were initially intended to free soldiers from desk jobs, they became efficient, multipurpose workers.
Explains that women held various roles in the u.s. army, from interpreters in north africa to meteorologists, photographers, and medical laboratory technicians.
Explains that when a woman enlisted in the army, she could indicate her preference to serve as an air wac. the a.a.f. was impressed by the speed at which these women learned new tasks.
Explains that the a.a.f. was not the only division pleased with the wacs' work. they were impressed by the efficacy and diligence of women workers.
Explains that although the male g.i.s were appreciative of the females' work ethics, they were equally (if not more) fond of women's cooking.
Explains that the wacs did not only work for and mingle with the g.i. soldiers; they lived like them. they slept in tents and stored their belongings in old bomb crates.
Explains that wacs engaged in many forms of entertainment. exploring europe was considered a popular pastime.
Explains that many discharged members of the women's army corp sought jobs in which they could utilize their newly acquired skills.
Explains that the wacs were an indispensable component of the war effort. they were appreciated by male g.i.s and all others who benefitted from their diligent work.
Cites excerpts from the chicago daily tribune and the saturday evening post.
Analyzes korman, seymour, nangle, eleanor, and noderer, e.r.
Hymowitz, Carol, and Michaele Weissman. A History of Women in America. New York: Bantam, 1978. Print.
In this essay, the author
Explains that women struggled to understand their roles in society and what rights they are entitled to. men restrict women's rights to tend to their family and house so that a strong family will be established.
Analyzes how women's duties were the same in both the east and west. both spheres restrict both sexes in unequal and unfair ways.
Analyzes how the separation of spheres and women being convinced by society and their husbands that they were and are nothing but emotional messes causes many women to suffer from depression.
Explains that women in the early 1800's had limited rights granted by their husbands, so there was no such thing as women rights in america until the women’s rights movement.
Explains that the women's rights movement inspired women to fight for equality for all sexes, and enthused them to have a voice. women like susan b. anthony, myra brandwell and edna st. vincent set an example for women that was unlike anything women had ever seen before.
Explains how the rise of hollywood and well-known stars like audrey hepburn led women to believe in themselves and overcome the ignorant american sexist.
Analyzes how media in the 1950's robbed future female generations of role models, such as june cleaver, who rebelled and took a stand for women.
Analyzes how the nuclear family was nothing like "leave it to beaver" portrayed it as. after world war ii, housewives became depressed and women became desperate for a destiny. rolling stones wrote "mother's little helper" which shows the pain and dissatisfaction women had with their lives.
Analyzes how tv shows like "sex and the city" and "mama's broken heart" show that it is impossible for women in america to be both successful and have a family.
Analyzes how women today are not viewed as strong and equal to the male gender. television portrays women as happy housewives, but music shows the dissatisfaction women have with life.
Describes hymowitz, carol, and michaele weissman's a history of women in america.
Koussoudji, Sherrie A. and Laura J. Dresser. “Working class Rosies: Women Industrial Workers During World War II” The Journal of Economic History 51.2 (June 1992): 431-446
In this essay, the author
Analyzes how the prevailing cultural attitudes about women's proper role might have benefited black women during the war years.
Analyzes how the war helped black women's role in society and the gains they made. gluck argues that it may have been advantageous to be a woman, due to society viewing women as temporary and men as permanent in the workforce.
Analyzes how the media portrayed war jobs as glamorous and exciting. rosie the riveter symbolized a romantic, womanly, heroic figure, and strength and perseverance.
Explains that high war wages helped women improve their economic status, but when the war ended, the loss of their high paying war jobs forced them to take lower paying, often "female" employment.
Analyzes how marye liked the mechanical work she did during the war, but accepted the cultural message that these were men's jobs that were only temporarily being filled by women. she returned to traditional lower paying work after the massive layoffs.
Describes marye as a single working-class mother who lost her job at the end of the war due to the economic reality that men returning from war wanted their old jobs back and that the existing patriarchal society supported their claims to these jobs.
Analyzes how the end of the war brought back prewar patriarchal values of domesticity, despite new ideas and values portrayed during recruitment propaganda.
Explains that magazines and advertisements refocused on the career-marriage conflict to restore prewar values.
Analyzes how the post's message to middle-class women reinforced their wartime jobs as temporary and that as men returned women should enjoy domestic bliss and happiness made possible by the war.
Analyzes how propaganda directed towards women in the working-class shifted throughout the latter half of 1944. the magazine true story no longer published letters of women seeking advice about employment.
Explains that while black women experienced modest gains during the war, in reconversion, they faced more discrimination than white women.
Argues that while propaganda was not the sole reason women left the workforce, there is value in remembering and studying the propaganda from the time, because it evidences the patriarchal values held within the society.
Analyzes how propaganda reflects the desires of the government and businesses to limit women's employment. the removal of childcare facilities created during the war made it difficult for women with young children to continue working.
Explains that propaganda does not reflect the feelings of women, but the values and ideals reflected by propaganda show the influence patriarchal values held on society.
Analyzes how patriarchal values prevented the role of women from changing after the war. patriotism encouraged women to enter the workforce and then forced them to leave.
Explains hartmann, susan m., the home front and beyond: american women in the 1940s.
Analyzes koussoudji, sherrie a., and laura j. dresser's "working class rosies: women industrial workers during world war ii" in the journal of economic history.
Cites meyerowitz, joanne, "beyond the feminine mystique: a reassessment of postwar mass culture, 1946-1958".
Explains mies, maria, patriarchy and accumulation on a world scale.
Explains that the 1940s provided a drastic change in women's employment rates and society' s view of women. the use of patriotism in government propaganda initiated and encouraged women to change their role in society.
Explains that many factors affected the changes in women's employment during the prewar period, the war years from 1942-1944, and the post-war years.
Analyzes the two theories that explain the sudden drop in employed women at the end of the war. betty friedan pioneered the idea that discrimination enacted against women, played a significant role in their departure.
Explains that patriarchy is based on the rule of fathers, but the values of society reflected the idea of mies' definition.
Explains that patriarchal values led to society's acceptance of the belief that women took war jobs out of patriotic duty and self sacrifice, not economic need.
Explains that women's employment rates increased when the united states entered the war. the numbers began to decrease at the end of 1944 and the beginning of 1945.
Analyzes how the case study of ford motor company in the 1940s shows the drastic differences in women's employment around the war years.
Analyzes how housewives at ford rose and fell with government propaganda, which encouraged and discouraged married women to enter the workforce.
Analyzes how women from different backgrounds entered the workforce during the 1940s, and how the government adjusted its campaigns to racial and class differences.
Explains that employers were reluctant to hire women when the idea of using women as a replacement for male labor first emerged. propaganda aimed at recruiting single women into defense jobs and did not focus on married women.
Analyzes how government propaganda during the war years used different tactics to encourage women from the working-class to take defense jobs. president roosevelt set up the office of war information (owi).
Explains how the government used the media to influence the public's views on women working and serving in the armed forces. the government created a magazine bureau with dorothy ducas as the head.
Analyzes how propaganda promoted women's entry into the workforce out of patriotic duty to the country.
Analyzes how honey used the saturday evening post as an example of a magazine containing propaganda used to influence middle-class women.
Explains that advertisements promoted positive images of women doing "men's work". advertisements glorified rosie the riveter by showing women wearing overalls at work and at home.
Analyzes how the stress of a woman's patriotic duty allowed society to accept women in roles traditionally preserved for men.
Analyzes how maureen honey used the magazine the true story to represent how propaganda influenced working-class women.
Analyzes how the class difference between the audience of true story and the saturday evening post resulted in the magazines using different strategies to accomplish the same goal.
Analyzes how recruitment propaganda increased the positive portrayal of white women, while the representation of black women in the media mostly disappeared.
Analyzes how gluck describes the life of tina hill in rosie the riveter revisited. while she liked her job at north american aircraft, she also faced overt discrimination.
In the nineteen twenties, the crusade for women’s rights gained a much greater force than it had in the past. What helped to make this possible was the economic upturn. The wages of workers increased, and women also began to weigh more heavily in the workforce. Beginning in World War One, American women began to take the jobs of their spouses to support their families. They continued to work even after the war was over. The amount of women making up the overall labor forced increased about two percent in the time between 1920 and 1930, totaling to about twenty two percent in 1930 (“Women in the Labor Force”). Although they did not take the same jobs that men did, women were still an important ...
In this essay, the author
Analyzes how the roaring twenties created positive changes towards the movement of women's rights and the improvements of african american acceptance in the us, while at the same time americans were forced into conformity.
Explains that the crusade for women's rights gained a much greater force in the nineteen twenties, thanks to the economic upturn.
Explains that women began to break the traditions of the past and wear shorter, more revealing clothing. they were arrested for indecent exposure for their clothes.
Explains that the 1920s was a time of great political change for women. the 19th amendment granted women the right to vote, but it didn't go into effect until 1920.
Explains that the harlem renaissance was an artistic movement where african-american music, literature, and art spread throughout the country.
Explains that jazz music originated in the ghettoes of the south, and then moved with the african americans north. louis armstrong and bessie smith played in jazz clubs in large cities.
Explains that traditionalists were not fond of jazz, and that it corrupted their children. the younger generation, including the flappers, loved the music because it was new and different.
Explains that the eighteenth amendment was passed in 1919, but the fight for it began long before.