Results and Discussion A film of COOH-functionalized nanotube suspense was dried on the working electrode of the SPE. Experiments were performed at the physiological pH of 7.4 because at this pH both the carboxyl group of the nanotubes and a hydroxyl group of ascorbic acid would be largely deprotonated.7 It was expected that the repulsion of like charges would prevent ascorbic acid from reaching the working electrode, and therefore would prevent the ascorbic acid from taking part in a redox reaction. While the application of the nanotube suspension reduced the effect of ascorbic acid at higher potentials in cyclic square wave voltammetry, it also resulted in the occurrence of a split anodic peak for the ascorbic acid at a potential near …show more content…
The calculated limit of detection for pyridoxine is 0.096 mM. This also agrees with our serial dilutions, as the calculated limit falls between the lowest concentration to produce a peak, 0.125 mM, and the first tested concentration to fail to produce a peak, 0.0625 mM. The limit of detection for riboflavin was calculated to be approximately 100 times smaller than that of pyridoxine. Such results are not necessarily surprising. Riboflavin plays a role as a biological electron transfer molecule, and therefore would be expected to undergo a strong redox reaction easily. Biologically, pyridoxine is not intended to undergo redox reactions, and therefore would not be expected to be as electrochemically reactive as riboflavin. Both vitamins have small limits of detection that such that if either vitamin is present in a vitamin supplement, it is likely to be …show more content…
Riboflavin was found to undergo redox reactions at -0.57 V and pyridoxine was found to undergo redox reactions at 0.60 V. This method allows for the detection of pyridoxine and riboflavin by monitoring the anodic or cathodic peaks that may occur at the characteristic potentials. The limits of detection for riboflavin and pyridoxine were calculated to be 0.92 nM and 0.096 mM, respectively, illustrating that this method can effectively detect riboflavin or pyridoxine at low concentrations if either of these vitamins are present in a vitamin supplement. This method incorporates the modification of the screen-printed carbon electrode with a negatively charged nanotube-suspension film that alters the C-SWV of ascorbic acid. The modification allows for the detection of pyridoxine even in the presence of ascorbic acid, a common component of vitamin supplements. From the measurement of several standards it can be concluded that peak height at the characteristic potential of a vitamin is linearly dependent on the concentration of the vitamin. This relationship may be used to quantify the amount of riboflavin and pyridoxine in solution, although such quantification went poorly for this study. The ability of this method to quantify can be improved by implementing a standardized test to determine if a modified electrode is behaving properly, or by
Data from Table 1. confirms the theory that as the concentration of glucose increases so will the absorbance of the solution when examined with the glucose oxidase/horseradish peroxidase assay. Glucose within the context of this assay is determined by the amount of ferricyanide, determined by absornace, which is produced in a one to one ratio.1 Furthermore when examining the glucose standards, a linear calibration curve was able to be produced (shown as Figure 1). Noted the R2 value of the y = 1.808x - 0.0125 trend line is 0.9958, which is statistically considered linear. From this calibration curve the absorbance values of unknowns samples can be compared, and the correlated glucose concentration can then be approximated.
...ces in any of the blood variables measured nor in body weight or organ weight over the three different time periods. This finding led Anderson et. al. to conclude that chromium picolinate is not toxic at levels on a per kilogram basis even at several times the upper limit of estimated safe intake for humans (Anderson 273-9). On the other hand, a more recent study conducted by Speetjens et. al. in 1999 showed the chromium picolinate cleaves DNA. Chromium picolinate, if it is incorporated directly into a cell, is reduced by ascorbate and thiols into a hydroxyl radical that quite readily cleaves DNA – indicating that further research on the dangerous side effects of chromium picolinate are necessary to ensure its safe usage (Speetjens 483-7). Once again, it is evident that Stimulife 750 is not as harmless as it purports to be based on its ingredients.
Methionine represents the first limiting amino acid in broiler nutrition, thus different sources are available to balance diets based of corn and soybean. Bioavailability is different for each methionine source because of its rate of absorption and metabolic pathways. A broiler experiment was conducted to determine the relative bioavailability of Hydroxyl Methyl Analog Calcium (HMA-Ca) relative to DL-Methionine(DL-Met). The experiment was conducted at at Lavinesp (Unesp, Jaboticabal). It was used 1890 male broiler Cobb 500 of 21 days old, they were weighted and distributed homogeneously in a complete randomized design with 13 treatments and 7 replicates each. All birds fed either a basal diet deficient in sulphur amino acids, digestible methionine and cysteine (dig Met+Cys), or the basal diet with four levels of HMA-Ca (0.063, 0.183, 0.302 and 0.540%) and DL-Met (0.054, 0.156, 0.259 and 0.463%) to achieve increasing levels of dig Met+Cys. For the analysis, 5% of significance was considered and procedures of non-linear model were used by SAS. Exponential regression determinates bioavailability of HMA-Ca relative to DL-Met by calculating the relation of the slope of HMA-Ca relative to DL-Met
The more the merrier right? Overtime people have continuously believed that vitamin supplements help the human body sustain a healthier body and well-being, however, have failed to realize the harm that vitamin supplements can do to the body; this is indicated by Paul Offit, the author of “The Vitamin Myth.” He states that over time researches and various studies have proved that Linus Pauling, the soul of the vitamin myth, statements of what vitamin supplements could do for the human body and or life. For example, the National Cancer Institute in 1994, researched smokers who were given various supplements over a period of time however those who were given supplements eventually showed signs of a more dangerous health state than those who did
Vitamin isn't nicknamed the energy vitamin by chance. Inadequate intake affects red blood cell production, one of the earliest signs of a deficiency include fatigue, weakness and confusion, but as these symptoms could be attributed to many other possible causes, most people don't seek medical advice. However, if these symptoms persist for weeks, and include dizziness, impaired thinking, and confusion. It would be wise to consult your doctor
Enzymes are vital in biochemical reactions since they are able to increase the rate of the reaction; therefore, it is essential to understand how enzymes function. Chymotrypsin, a serine protease, consists of a catalytic triad that achieves increasing the rate of reaction through the use of acid and base, covalent catalysis, and exploitation of binding interactions in its catalytic mechanism. It has a tendency to cleave peptide bonds adjacent to aromatic amino acids. In this experiment, we use p-nitrophenyl acetate (NPA) as the substrate that undergoes cleaving to yield p-nitrophenol and acetate. However, p-nitrophenol (NP_T) is colorless, so we monitor the reaction through its ionized form, p-nitrophenoxide 〖NP〗^-, which is yellow.
Materials used in the experiment included 5-7 g of the potato tissue, 50ml of 2.0M phosphate buffer coffee filter and guaiacol dye.
In this experiment the enzyme peroxidase and the substrate hydrogen peroxide were not mixed initially, instead they were both placed in separate tubes and were incubated at a specific temperature, to prevent hydrogen peroxide from undergoing any reaction with peroxidase until they both acquire the required temperature.
The medication of paracetamol can be administered in various ways and they are sold in different formulations. The common dosage comes in tablets form of 500 mg, in dispersible fizzy tablets (500 mg) and oral suspensions. It can also be bought in capsules as a mixture with other API like caffeine and codeine.
Vitamin, any of the organic compounds required by the body in small amounts for metabolism, to protect health, and for proper growth in children. Vitamins also assist in the formation of hormones, blood cells, nervous-system chemicals, and genetic material. The various vitamins are not chemically related, and most differ in their physiological actions. They generally act as catalysts, combining with proteins to create metabolically active enzymes that in turn produce hundreds of important chemical reactions throughout the body. Without vitamins, many of these reactions would slow down or cease. The intricate ways in which vitamins act on the body, however, are still far from clear.
Hydrolysis of aspartame under acidic or basic conditions results in aspartic acid, phenylalanine and methanol. Several solutions can be prepared in order to study the amino acids of aspartame. With TLC analysis, we were able to observe the polarity of each of the solutions prepared. Out of all the solutions, aspartic acid has the lowest Rf value because it is a charged amino acid, therefore it is polar. The solution with the highest Rf is phenylalanine because it is a hydrophobic amino acid.
The human body requires small amounts of nutrients in microgram or milligram quantities in our diet because it cannot synthesize the necessary amounts on its own. These nutrients are considered micronutrients. Micronutrients are a combination of water, vitamins, and minerals. Vitamins are organic compounds that do not provide energy, but are essential to the body in helping “aid in metabolism, as well as the growth, development and maintenance of body tissues” (Byrd-Bredbenner, Moe and Beshgetoor 402). Vitamins are broken down into two groups, water-soluble and fat-soluble. The water-soluble vitamins are the B-vitamins, and vitamin C. The fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K. Minerals are needed in even smaller amounts, however these inorganic substances are necessary for “cell metabolism, nerve impulse transmission and growth and development” (Byrd-Bredbenner, Moe and Beshgetoor 485). Minerals can be categorized into major or trace minerals. The major minerals include Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, and Sulfur. Trace minerals are Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Iodine, Selenium, Chromium, Fluoride, Molybdenum and Ultratrace minerals.
Vitamins are essential aids in many body processes, converting food the energy, building and maintaining cells, and other functions.
Enzymes are necessary for life to exist the way it does. Enzymes help our bodies carry out chemical reactions at the correct speed. Catalase is one such enzyme, “Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals). It catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen”.\(Wikipedia). In other words catalase speeds up the breaking down of hydrogen peroxide, which is a byproduct of reactions in our body. Hydrogen peroxide is very common in our body but, “If it were allowed to build up it would kill us”(Matthey).This shows how necessary enzymes such as catalase to life. Without enzymes reactions that take place in our body could be affected greatly. In our
Pyrrole has been a molecule of great interest due to its heterocyclic aromatic properties. The lone pair on the nitrogen is delocalised within the ring, causing the heterocycle to be electron-rich . This causes the ring to become increasingly nucleophilic, and therefore makes it susceptible to attack from electrophiles . The addition of these new substitutions makes more important molecules , which have a huge contribution to not only the chemical industry, but also the biological. 1 Substituted pyrrole molecules are fantastic precursors to make complex molecules, such as medicines, agrochemicals and dyes. Indole, an important benzo-pyrrole, is the basis of the important protein, tryptophan and has functions as a neurotransmitter in the brain. The neurotransmitter, serotonin, is important in making modern drugs such as sumatriptan which treats migraines.2