1 Characteristics of the Adsorbent
The surface morphological changes of powder and carbon samples were investigated using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The figure 2 and 3 shows the Scanning Electron Microscopy of orange peel powder and carbon made from powder. Carbon made from powder showed more porous structure than orange peel powder. Orange peel powder showed vertical vein type structure and carbon made from powder showed more porous structure with holes which gave maximum adsorption capacity than the orange peel powder.
Figure-2 Scanning Electron microscopy Figure-3 Scanning ElectroN Microscopy of orange peel powder of orange peel carbon
Table-1 and 2 represents the elemental analysis of Orange peel powder and carbon made from Orange peel powder respectively. Besides that this component is widely used to be manufactured as an adsorbent to adsorb (CO2) gas. Orange peel contain Potassium Oxide (K2O) with 1.72%, Calcium Oxide (CaO) with 1.31% and others components in the minority. Therefore, with the great amount of carbon component, carbon produced from orange peel and also orange peel itself is one of the potential adsorbent to adsorb CO2 from gas mixture.
Table-1: Elemental Analysis Table-2: Elemental Analysis of carbon made from Orange peel powder of Orange peel powder.
Sr. No Element Wt%
1 Carbon 51.53
2 Oxygen 43.95
3 Potassium 1.72
4 Calcium 1.31
5 Platinum 1.30
6 Magnesium 0.19
Sr. No Element Wt%
1 Carbon 64.26
2 Oxygen 32.49
3 Sulfur 1.55 ...
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...977 mmol / gm 12 LPH 2
5.28 cm 2.43055 mmol / gm 14 LPH 3
Table-9: Orange peels Carbon (6 g).
LMTZ (Length of Mass Transfer Zone) CO2 capture capacity (Breakthrough adsorption capacity) Gas Flow rate, LPH Sr. No.
4.5cm 2.0667 mmol /gm 10 LPH 1
3.292 cm 3.844 mmol / gm 12 LPH 2
3.7674 cm 4.485 mmol / gm 14 LPH 3
Table-10: Orange peels Carbon (7 g).
LMTZ (Length of Mass Transfer Zone) CO2 capture capacity (Breakthrough adsorption capacity) Gas Flow rate, LPH Sr. No.
3.52 cm 3.45428 mmol / gm 10 LPH 1
5.333cm 1.7 mmol / gm 12 LPH 2
5.5873 cm 5.0843 mmol / gm 14 LPH 3
Figure-7: Adsorption of Carbon dioxide on carbon made from orange peel powder (5gms) for 10, 12 and 14 LPH
Figure-8: Adsorption of CO2 gas on orange peel carbon (6gms) for 10, 12 and 14 LPH
Figure-9: Adsorption of Carbon dioxide on carbon made from orange peel powder (7g) for 10, 12 and 14 LPH
The purpose of the Unknown White Compound Lab was to identify the unknown compound by performing several experiments. Conducting a solubility test, flame test, pH paper test, ion test, pH probe test, conductivity probe test, and synthesizing the compound will accurately identified the unknown compound. In order to narrow down the possible compounds, the solubility test was used to determine that the compound was soluble in water. Next, the flame test was used to compare the unknown compound to other known compounds such as potassium chloride, sodium chloride, and calcium carbonate. The flame test concluded that the cation in the unknown compound was potassium. Following, pH paper was used to determine the compound to be neutral and slightly
The primary goal of this laboratory project was to identify an unknown compound and determine its chemical and physical properties. First the appearance, odor, solubility, and conductivity of the compound were observed and measured so that they could be compared to those of known compounds. Then the cation present in the compound was identified using the flame test. The identity of the anion present in the compound was deduced through a series of chemical tests (Cooper, 2009).
The technique used to narrow down the identity of unknown white compound were solubility test, pH test, flame test, and ion test. The first technique used to narrowed the properties of unknown white compound was using solubility test. To conduct solubility test, 0.25 gram of unknown white compound was dissolved in 100 mL of water. After carefully observing the change while string unknown white compound in water, the unknown white compound was soluble because it dissolved in water completely. Using bursen burner, matches and deionized water, flame test was conducted for unknown compound and it burned lilac color. Then compared the color of unknown white compound to other compound that were narrowed. The results of flame test for compounds that were narrowed down is shown in the following table. The pH test was conducted using litmus paper. 0.50 gram of unknown white compound was measured and dissolved in 10 mL of water in beaker. After dissolving, placed the litmus paper in solution and recorded the pH value of unknown compound which was neutral. Then compared the pH value of unknown white compound to compound that were narrow down. The pH result of the KCL, KNO3, NaCl, and K2SO4 is presented in the following table. The ion test was also conducted in order to make sure that the identity of unknown white compound was matched with the compound that were narrow down. After conducting the test, the result of unknown white compound which formed precipitate compared to KCl, KNO3,NaCl, and K2SO4. The results shown in the following
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is a colorless gas, which was first discovered in 1577 by Van Helmont who detected it in the products of both fermentation and charcoal burning. CO2 is used in solid, liquid, and gas forms in a variety of industrial processes. These include: beverage carbonation, dry ice, welding and chemicals manufacturing. It is produced by the combustion of all carbonaceous fuels and can be recovered in an abundance of ways. It is widely used today as a by-product of synthetic ammonia production, fermentation, and from flue gases by absorption process. CO2 is also a product of animal metabolism and is important in the life cycles of plants and animals. It is present in the atmosphere only in small quantities (.03% by vol.)
The Carbonization process used to create carbon fiber is called pyrolysis, which uses nitrogen gas and heat as a catalyst to increase the vibrational energy of atoms. The pyrolysis breaks the bonds between carbon atoms and nitrogen atoms as well as the bonds between carbon atoms and oxygen atoms. As a result, the polymer structures formed during cross-links stabilization is converted into hexagonal carbon structures. Non carbon atoms such as oxygen, and nitrogen are removed as gas through the atmosphere. The final carbon content is over 90 % after carbonization and the temperature range of carbonization is from 900 to 1600 °C in an inert atmosphere. Heat treatment, optimum tension, completion of the reactions, and keep the molecular orientation of the precursor fiber are vital variables to produce a crystalline structure aligned more perfectly and improve the tensile strength of the
Fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, are Carbon rich compounds, the combustion of which produces Carbon Dioxide, a pollutant and a greenhouse gas. A large amount of energy is released during this process, which is why the pollutants off products are tolerated. This process occurs constantly throughout the world, in power stations, vehicles and cooking ovens, leading to an immense volume of CO2 being released every second, 50% of which is absorbed by oceans (Oce...
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Note: The revised version of the method (9.1.) differs in one major point from reference 9.4.: Preparation of samples and standards for analysis. It is now ...
Next a burette and burette stand was obtained and the burette was cleaned with 5 mL of deionized water, followed by 5mL of hydrochloric acid. Then three different sample of approximately 0.2 of soda ash was measured out and placed in a flask. Next the one trial of soda ash was dissolved in 25 mL of water and 3 drops of phenolphthalein. The solution was then titrated until the color changed from pink to clear. Once the solution was clear 3 drops of bromocresol green was added and the sample was titrated until the solution turned light green. The sample was then boiled for 5 minutes or until the solution turned blue and then it was placed on an ice bath until room temperature was met. Once room temperature was met the solution was then titrated again until the solution tuned green. Finally the calculations were conducted (Lab 4: Volumetric Determination of Impure Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3),
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...-monoxide-effects.aspx, http://www.bidmc.org/YourHealth/HealthNotes/StoriesofHope/CanCarbonMonoxidebeGoodforYou.aspx, https://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_General_Facts/carbonmonoxide-factsheet.pdf, http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/indoorair/co/, http://www.linde-gas.com/en/products_and_supply/packaged_chemicals/product_range/carbon_monoxide.html, http://greenopedia.com/article/effects-black-carbon-health-and-climate, http://esseacourses.strategies.org/module.php?module_id=170, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/95021/carbon-monoxide, Department of the Environment and Heritage. 2005. Carbon Monoxide (CO). p. 1., Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. n.d. Carbon monoxide. p. 2., http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/news/2012/08/10/12007/soot-pollution-101/, http://www.airqualitynow.eu/pollution_environmental_problems.php#parag6
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