2014
Engineering Studies 2A/B
Nicholas Jones
[MATERIALS INVESTIGATION]
Table of Contents
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Metals
Pure metals: By definition, a pure metal is any metal that has not been created with synthetic materials or other metals. Pure metals generally have very minimal contents of impurities. Some examples of pure metals include; Copper, Titanium and Silver.
Ferrous Alloys: By definition, a ferrous alloy is any metal or alloy that contains iron with a high proportion of other elements such as Manganese, Silicon or Aluminum. Some examples of ferrous alloys include; Carbon Steels, Alloy Steels, Cost Iron, Iron Steel and Stainless Steel.
Nonferrous Alloys: By definition, a nonferrous alloy is a metal that does not contain any traces of iron. An example of nonferrous alloys include; Aluminum, Brass, Bronze, Lead, Tin, Zinc and Nickel.
Polymers: By definition, a polymer is a substance that contains a molecular structure containing a number of similar units that are bonded together. For example, many synthetic and organic materials such as plastic. Some example of polymers include; Metals, Ionic compounds (salt for example) and proteins.
Composites: By definition, a composite material is when a combination of at least two materials which have significantly different chemical or physical properties. When these characteristics are combined they are distinct from the finished structure. Some examples of composites include; fiberglass, ladder rails, water pipes and automotive components.
Physical properties
Density: Density is the specific amount of ...
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...errite and cementite, which are high in terms of hardness and strength, yet low in ductility. This process is performed on structures that are often used in machining; this is because it improves the machining ability of carbon based steels.
Case hardening: The process of case hardening involves hadening the surface of a material while allowing the metal deeper underneath remaining soft, this then forms a thin layer of harder metal (referred to as the case). Case hardening usually takes place after the material has been formed and constructed to its desired frame and structure.
Annealing: The process of annealing consists of heating to, and holding a suitable temperature, then cooling the material at a suitable rate, this is primarily used to soften the material but this process also produces changes in other properties or in the microstructure of the material.
Then, the materials cool down slowly. Through this process, the dislocations of the structure reduce. The strength of materials drop and raise the toughness flexibility and ductility. Also, the nucleation and growth will occurs in annealing.
the iron ore to iron. In the other cases of metals the most common way
Pure iron has a hardness that ranges from 4 to 5. It is soft and ductile. Iron can be easily magnetized at ordinary temperatures and at 790°C the magnetic property disappears. Pure iron melts at about 1535°C, boils at 2750°C, and has a specific gravity of 7.86. Chemically, iron is an active metal. When exposed to humid air, iron forms a reddish-brown, flaky, decay known as rust.
Polymer-Polyethylene is partially crystalline as well as amorphous because it has crystalline and amorphous regions. Also it has linear chains so this is the simplest structure compared to a branched or network chain. This can be of an advantage to it over other types of materials as its good toughness and elongation makes it very significant in the engineering industry as it can be moulded or extruded into shape...
Magnesium is one of the lightest Metals. It is a non-toxic and non-magnetic element but does have a very high-impact strength. Magnesium isn’t commonly found alone in nature as an element. It is usually some sort of compound because magnesium is so reactive.
There are various materials which can be used on aircrafts. Composite and alloy materials are the primary component used due to the ability to combine certain materials with different strengths together to create a composite or alloy. These have ultimate properties that are needed to create an aircraft to be used safely in application. Composites are used due to the extreme high strength to weight ratio, although using large amounts of metals can be strong, unlike composites this would be too heavy. Composites essentially are designed to create a lighter aircraft, which over a long period of time, would be more cost effective for company running the plane, due to fuel savings.
A steel is usually defined as an alloy of iron and carbon with the content between a few hundreds of a percent up to about 2 wt%. Other alloying elements can amount in total to about 5 wt% in low-alloy steels and higher in more highly alloyed steels such as tool steels and stainless steels. Steels can exhibit a wide variety of properties depending on composition as well as the phases and microconstituents present, which in turn depend on the heat treatment.
Aluminum is a lightweight, silvery metal. The atomic weight of aluminum is 26.9815; the element melts at 660° C (1220° F), boils at 2467° C (4473° F), and has a specific gravity of 2.7. Aluminum is a strongly electropositive metal and extremely reactive. In contact with air, aluminum rapidly becomes covered with a tough, transparent layer of aluminum oxide that resists further corrosive action. For this reason, materials made of aluminum do not tarnish or rust. The metal reduces many other metallic compounds to their base metals. For example, when thermite (a mixture of powdered iron oxide and aluminum) is heated, the aluminum rapidly removes the oxygen from the iron; the heat of the reaction is sufficient to melt the iron. This phenomenon is used in the thermite process for welding iron .
Burnishing, which is one of the effective methods used to improve the surface properties, is essentially a cold working process involving movement of raised micro-irregularities on the surface layer accompanied by filling up of micro-cavities.
Aluminum is one of a number of soft metals that scientists call "poor" metals. It can be shaped and twisted into any form. It can be rolled into thick plates for armored tanks or into thin foil for chewing gum wrappers. It may be drawn into a wire or made into cans. Aluminum is a generally popular metal because it does not rust and it resists wear from weather and chemicals. (Bowman, 391) Aluminum is an element. Its atomic number is thirteen and its atomic weight is usually twenty-seven. Pure aluminum melts at 660.2ºC and boils at 2500ºC. Its density is 2.7 grams per cube centimeter. Aluminum is never found uncombined in nature. (Bowman, 391) Aluminum is a very useful metal that is light, easy to shape and can be strong. This makes aluminum one of the most used metals in the world, right behind iron and steel. (Geary, 185) In its pure state, aluminum is quite weak compared to the other metals. However, its strength can be greatly increased by adding small amounts of alloying elements, heat-treating, or cold working. Only a small percentage of aluminum is used in its pure form. It is made into such items as electrical conductors, jewelry, and decorative trim for alliances and cars. A combination of the three techniques has produced aluminum alloys that, pound for pound, are stronger than structural steel. Some common metals used in alloys for aluminum are copper, magnesium and zinc.(Walker, 31) The added elements give the aluminum strength and other properties. (Newmark, 41) Aluminum is one of the lightest metals. It weighs about 168.5 pounds per cubic foot, about a third as much as steel which weighs 487 pounds per cubic foot. (Neely, 214) As a result, aluminum has replaced steel for many uses. For example, some ...
This paper will provide a detailed discussion about iron metal. The chemical, physical and mechanical properties of iron metal will be discussed. Additionally, the occurrence and major applications of the metal will also be provided. This is intended to provide an understanding of the iron metal and the chemistry around it. The geometry of coordination together with the different oxidation states will be included in the discussion. It should be noted that iron is one of the few metals that is considered to have wide range of applications. There are many devices, accessories and equipment that are made out of iron metal. Its abundance on earth is also something that is considered to be of great importance. Just like other metals, iron is extracted from the earth’s crust through mining process. Iron is extracted from the earth in form of iron ore.
Pearlite is a mixture of ferrite and cementite formed when steel or cast iron are manufactured and cooled at a slow rate. The microstructure of material after quenching turn into martensite as a fine, needle like grain strucuture.
Noor Mazni Ismail, et al. (2016) states that quenching is the process to improve the hardness of metal. Also the best quenching media to acquired maximum hardness is water, it is because water has a fast quenching rate than
There are many different types of alloys; some are so common that they carry on a life beyond their metal bases. For example, 65-90% of copper mixed with 10-35% of zinc create the well known alloy brass, which provides increased resistance to corrosion in things like instruments and
Metallurgy is the field of materials science and material engineering that studies the physical and chemical behaviour of metallic elements, their microstructure compounds and their mixtures, which are mostly known as alloy. Metallurgy can be refers as the technology of metals where science is applied to the production of metals, and the engineering of metal components for the uses of products for consumers and manufacturers.