Major Developments in Hardware and Software Introduction To the present computers only they have left two generations more to be able to continue being at the same time smaller and more powerful, the two generations that calculate that they allow the present technologies of miniaturization of its basic circuits. The perspective of not being able to maintain this tendency does not please anything to the physicists and computer science technicians, reason why, supported by the great companies of the sector, are looking for new approaches completely for the computers of the future. No of these approaches appears simple but all are suggestive, although to risk to imagine one of these computers - molecular, quantum or from DNA is still premature. Whatever it buys a computer nowadays knows that it will be obsolete in a pair of years. Now we give by seated the inexorable increase of the power of the computers. But that cannot follow eternally thus, at least, if the computers continue being based on the present technologies. Gordon Moore, cofounder of Intel and one of gurus of the technology of the information, anticipate that the existing methods of miniaturization only will offer two generations more of computers before its capacity is exhausted. In 1965, Moore made a prediction that was confirmed with amazing precision in the three following decades: the power of the computers would duplicate every 18 months. This increase has been due mainly to the more and more small size of the electronic components, so that every time a microprocessor or chip can be introduced more of them in. A modern chip of only half square centimeter ... ... middle of paper ... ... important. But all their possible uses are so many, that specialists are needed, like in the medicine, of each one of their parts. There per 1947, when the transistor was invented, and when Jaquard (1804) designed a loom that performed predefined tasks through feeding punched cards into a reading contraption; nobody imagined how quickly that it would take to get the nowadays supercomputers. Resources http://www.thocp.net/software/software_reference/introduction_to_software_history.htm http://www.softwarehistory.org/index.html http://www.intel.com/research/silicon/mooreslaw.htm http://www.libredebate.com/doc/doc199911070002.html http://www.elrinconcito.com/articulos/cibernetica/cibernetica.htm http://www.salon.com/tech/special/opensource/ http://www.ciberperiodismo.net/gorka/noticias/63/notiimpr
In 1953 it was estimated that there were 100 computers in the world. Computers built between 1959 and 1964 are often regarded as the "second generation" computers, based on transistors and printed circuits - resulting in much smaller computers. 1964 the programming language PL/1 released by IBM. 1964 the launch of IBM 360. These first series of compatible computers. In 1970 Intel introduced the first RAM chip. In 1975 IBM 5100 was released. In 1976 the Apple Computer Inc. was founded, to market Apple I Computer. Designed to Stephen Wozinak and Stephan Jobs. In 1979 the first compact disk was released around 1981 IBM announced PC, the standard model was sold for $2,880.00.
Throughout history, humans have become fascinated with how far technology may someday take us. Works of science fiction through literature and entertainment have made it possible to uncover potential future developments. Levels of technological advancements are at an all time high, while computing power is set increase dramatically in coming decades. Gordon Moore, the co-founder of Intel, predicted, in what is now known as Moore’s Law, that the processing power will double every 18 months. This and the development of quantum computers may account for new tools toward artificial intelligence. Some have looked at this upcoming enhancement in artificial intelligence with anticipation and others with dread.
to replace the IBM machine. In the 1960s and the 1970s IBM came out quickly and built a
Many encyclopaedias and other reference works state that the first large-scale automatic digital computer was the Harvard Mark 1, which was developed by Howard H. Aiken (and team) in America between 1939 and 1944. However, in the aftermath of World War II it was discovered that a program controlled computer called the Z3 had been completed in Germany in 1941, which means that the Z3 pre-dated the Harvard Mark I. Prof. Hurst Zuse (http://www.epemag.com/zuse/)
Computer engineering started about 5,000 years ago in China when they invented the abacus. The abacus is a manual calculator in which you move beads back and forth on rods to add or subtract. Other inventors of simple computers include Blaise Pascal who came up with the arithmetic machine for his father’s work. Also Charles Babbage produced the Analytical Engine, which combined math calculations from one problem and applied it to solve other complex problems. The Analytical Engine is similar to today’s computers.
There are many ways to define the word propaganda as everyone construes it differently. Propaganda as an institution is “the deliberate spreading of such information, rumors, etc” (dictionary.com). Retaining a generally negative connotation due to its widespread connection to the propagandistic era of Joseph Goebbels under Adolf Hitler, propaganda today is everywhere. Although the name has changed, what is now advertising surrounds us on a day-to-day basis. Over many years, propaganda has evolved to fit the current era and classical definitions no longer apply. Methods of education, technological advances, and mainstream recognition of overt advertising tools have led classic definitions of propaganda to become obsolete in 2010.
Ceruzzi, P. E. (1998). A history of modern computing (pp. 270-272). London, England: The MIT Press.
In the past few decades, one field of engineering in particular has stood out in terms of development and commercialisation; and that is electronics and computation. In 1965, when Moore’s Law was first established (Gordon E. Moore, 1965: "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits"), it was stated that the number of transistors (an electronic component according to which the processing and memory capabilities of a microchip is measured) would double every 2 years. This prediction held true even when man ushered in the new millennium. We have gone from computers that could perform one calculation in one second to a super-computer (the one at Oak Ridge National Lab) that can perform 1 quadrillion (1015) mathematical calculations per second. Thus, it is only obvious that this field would also have s...
Whether you’re a student, gamer, physicist, accountant, or even a newborn baby; computers play a very integral role in all our lives. However, most people seem to take them for granted. Even though computers have only been around for about a hundred years, it’s hard to believe we once lived without them. So, how is that we went from computers the size of an apartment to computers that fit in a watch? Transistors! Transistors are the fundamental components in modern electronic devices (e.g., computer, video game, cell phone, radio and TV). The status quo in today’s society is “the more, the merrier”, but is that the case with transistors? If the past forty years are any indication, then, yes, the more transistors the merrier!
The fist computer, known as the abacus, was made of wood and parallel wires on which beads were strung. Arithmetic operations were performed when the beads were moved along the wire according to “programming” rules that had to be memorized by the user (Soma, 14). The second earliest computer, invented by Blaise Pascal in 1694, was a “digital calculating machine.” Pascal designed this first known digital computer to help his father, who was a tax collector. Pascal’s computer could only add numbers, and they had to be entered by turning dials (Soma, 32). It required a manual process like its ancestor, the abacus. Automation was introduced in the early 1800’s by a mathematics professor named Charles Babbage. He created an automatic calculation machine that was steam powered and stored up to 1000 50-digit numbers. Unlike its two earliest ancestors, Babbage’s invention was able to perform various operations. It relied on cards with holes punched in them, which are called “punch cards.” These cards carried out the programming and storing operations for the machine. Unluckily, Babbage’s creation flopped due to the lack of mechanical precision and the lack of demand for the product (Soma, 46). The machine could not operate efficiently because technology was t adequate to make the machine operate efficiently Computer interest dwindled for many years, and it wasn’t until the mid-1800’s that people became interested in them once again.
asteroid was on a line with Earth, the computer would show us and enable us
The field of electrical & electronics engineering has always fascinated me. I picked up the rudiments of electronics field and electrical engineering. The reason for choosing Electronics and Communication stream was not a hasty decision. My interest started developing in the early stage of my life, when I studied about the invention of computers, moreover about its large size. The transformation from the large size to small palmtops enticed me to know about the factors that are responsible for making computers, also the electronic gadgets so small. I was taken aback after seeing a small chip for the first time in my school days, furthermore when it came to my knowledge that this single chip contains more than 1000 transistors, it really became impossible for me to believe, “integrated ci...
"Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic." As Arthur C. Clark, a British inventor, puts it, technology has been constantly improving and the latest advancements have become astonishingly powerful. Computer hardware engineering is the designing, building, and testing of computer hardware and computer systems. Computer hardware engineers acquire a persistent and detail- oriented nature. Through their work, computer hardware engineers get a wide range of opportunity, but they are also loaded with seemingly endless work on their hands. Ultimately, computer hardware engineering provides a cause for innovative thinkers and creative designers, labeling it as a job worth pursuing.
The history of the computer dates back all the way to the prehistoric times. The first step towards the development of the computer, the abacus, was developed in Babylonia in 500 B.C. and functioned as a simple counting tool. It was not until thousands of years later that the first calculator was produced. In 1623, the first mechanical calculator was invented by Wilhelm Schikard, the “Calculating Clock,” as it was often referred to as, “performed it’s operations by wheels, which worked similar to a car’s odometer” (Evolution, 1). Still, there had not yet been anything invented that could even be characterized as a computer. Finally, in 1625 the slide rule was created becoming “the first analog computer of the modern ages” (Evolution, 1). One of the biggest breakthroughs came from by Blaise Pascal in 1642, who invented a mechanical calculator whose main function was adding and subtracting numbers. Years later, Gottfried Leibnez improved Pascal’s model by allowing it to also perform such operations as multiplying, dividing, taking the square root.
Supercomputers will be known as a representation of a nation technology development and research. Research show that’s personal computer/laptop will be as fast as 10 times then supercomputers with advanced technology, as for supercomputers it will be as fast as thousand times then current supercomputers. In order to keep up with research, calculation, stimulator and prediction, more powerful supercomputers is needed to do the job. Scientist say in the future Supercomputer will have aritifical intelligence which can act as the human