Isolating Keratin protein is done through oxidation and reduction. Keratin can be converted into soluble proteins in acid and be digestible by trypsin or pepsin when oxidized. After oxidation, reduction occurs in an alkaline reaction (basic solutions) with optimum pH of 10-13. Reduction also considered as hydrolysis dissolves disulfide groups, which then starts unravelling the fibrous keratin structures. Reductants such as thioglycolic acid, potassium cyanide and sodium sulfide/sulfite can be used to dissolve the disulfide groups. Scientists normally uses thioglycolic acid as their reduction solution because it specifically dissociates the disulfide bonds to sulfhydryl groups without further altering the rest of the protein. The remaining proteins are then soluble in acidic solution, with a precise isoelectric point (pH at which molecule carry no net electrical charge). In doing so, proteins are then digested by pepsin and trypsin, attacking the protein molecule very slowly. This oxidation and reduction method can extract keratin effectively and efficiently. …show more content…
Its clinical significance was utilized when proteins were still called albuminoids. The earliest recorded use of keratin in medicine was by Li Shi-Zhen, a Chinese herbalist in 1596. His published book, Ben Cao Gang Mu recorded one of his prescription medicine Xue Yu Tan or “Crinis Carbonisatus”, made from ground ash of pyrolized human hair. His medicine was believed to accelerate wound healing and blood clotting. Around 1905, John Hoffmeier describe his unique way of isolating the keratin protein for his own prescriptions. He was using lime to extract keratin from an animal’s horns, using the extracted keratin and crosslinking formaldehyde to make a topical
The purpose of this experiment involved synthesis of diphenylmethanol using phenylmagenisum bromide and benzaldehyde, using the method called Grignard reaction. Grignard reactions are an important method for new carbon-carbon bond formation as well as for the synthesis of alcohols.
This reaction is an example of the synthesis of a carboxylic acid utilizing a Grignard reagent. The reaction starts with the formation of a Grignard reagent; when the bromine on bromobenzene bonds to magnesium metal using the solvent, anhydrous diethyl ether. Using an ether is important due to the ability for its lone electron pairs help to stabilize the positive charge on magnesium. Once the Grignard reagent is obtained, the carbon, from the dry ice, will kick off the magnesium bromide and replace it. As this happens, water is reacted with it and thus adds a hydrogen onto the single bonded oxygen. Figure 1 shows the sublimation of dry ice with the Grignard reagent during this step. This will create an alcohol, specifically benzoic acid. After this step, the compound has replaced the magnesium bromide on the cyclohexane. In addition, biphenyl is produced as a side product. In the next step, addition of sodium hydroxide, the sodium will replace the hydrogen on the alcohol. Upon addition of HCl, the benzoic acid is freed from its salt and precipitates out of solution. Figure 3 shows the finished product of the Benzoic acid obtained. The product was a fine white powder.
In this experiment, I was making a sample of aspirin and then testing it in order to see how pure the sample of aspirin was. By doing this experiment, I was leaning how to crystalize products, and then used the theoretical yield, along with the percentage yield in order to calculate the amount of aspirin that I had created in the sample. Aspirin is an anti-inflammatory, and analgesic, meaning this medication can reduce inflammation, fever, and pain by blocking the enzymes that promote these issues, and reducing the production of more of these enzymes all over the body.
Al-Nafis, besides drawing on pharmacy and drugs used from around the world, introduced the idea of mathematical calculation of proper drug dosages, and Al-Razi building off that idea in al Hawi fit-Tibb included a section on pharmacy which pioneered chemotherapy with a variety of mineral drugs (Rahman). Prior to this, tumors were treated primarily with cauterization. Al-Zahrawi introduced many modern pharmacological treatments such as nasal sprays, mouth washes and hand creams. As already noted, sulfur was found an effective topical treatment for scabies, and opium (in modernity purified to morphine) an effective anaesthetic. Many other drugs discovered to have therapeutic use during the Golden Age of the Islamic Empire endure today—including the use of copper sulphate to heal open skin lesions (Stewart 127) and various unguents, plasters, counter-irritants, and pomades
I would suggest to students performing the nitration to make sure their benzoic acid product is very fine and broken up before reacting it, as it has a tendency to clump together when it dries and thus proves very difficult to react in solution. I would also suggest keeping a very close eye on the temperature when adding the sulfuric/nitric acid mixture dropwise, as the reaction has a tendency to spike in temperature
Introduction: Within this experiment we wish to facilitate a greater understanding of the concepts of experimental design and quantifying techniques. Specifically, this lab will allow us to gain an enhanced understanding of the isolation of a protein using differential solubility, which allows us to separate and purify various proteins using high concentrations of a specific salt so that they may be studied in great detail. Last week we separated our desired protein using ammonium sulfate. Since we have already extracted the desired protein, we will begin quantifying the amount using the Bradford Protein Assay. Because it is a dye-binding assay, we will use the spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance of various dilutions of a protein: this will comprise our standard curve. We will then compare the absorbance of our extracted protein from l...
Sulfur is mainly found in the body in amino acids (such as methionine and cysteine) as well as connective
time. The result of this method dried the skin of the body into a leathery
In the ancient and medieval time, antipyretic agents were only found in willow bark and in cinchona bark [2]. Willow bark was used as a pain reliever [3]. People were advised to chew on the bark in order to relieve pain and fever [3]. Cinchona bark was used for increasing appetite, however people also used it for common cold and fever [4]. When the cinchona tree started to decrease in the 1880s, people started to look for other alternatives [2]. During the 1880s, antipyretics agents were developed, which were acetanilide and phenacetin [2]. These properties of acetaminophen were discovered by accident [2]. It occurred when the molecule acetanilide was added to a patient’s prescription [2]. By this time, this drug had been synthesized via the reduction of p-nitorphenol [2]. However the drug acetaminophen was still not used medically for another 20 years [2]. In 1893, acetaminophen was found in the urine sample of an individual who had taken phenacetin [2]. This drug was concentrated into an odorless, white, crystalline compound that was found to have a bitter taste [2]. Acetaminophen was discovered to be a metabolite of acetanilide, however the discovery was ignored at that time [2]. It was later on that acetaminophen was found to have pain and fever relieving properties
Before any chemical reactions occurred, there was 0.46 grams of elemental copper metal. After the copper was added to the 250 milliliter beaker containing the 5.0 milliliters of nitric acid, nitrogen dioxide gas came out. The gas color was a light brown color, and the clear nitric acid within the beaker became a green-brown color. Once the chemical reaction concluded and nitrogen dioxide gas stopped releasing from the beaker, 20 milliliters of distilled water was added to the solution, and the color within the beaker turned to a neon blue. This was the chemical equation for the first chemical reaction, 4 HNO3 (aq) + Cu (s) → Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + H2O (l) + 2 NO2 (g).
There was also talk about the new uses for cultured skin. Using cultured skin for ulcers and in vitro experiments are a couple of new uses for the product. Ulcers are accompanied by the issue of dead skin and the cultured skin can be used to help grow back some of the skin. This is also a very interesting subject when it comes to laboratory testing.
Historically, the purpose of a cosmetic product, which include personal hygiene products, skin care product, make-up and perfumery product, was to decorate and modify the appearance and odour. Although originally its purpose was essentially to enhance the appearance and odour , cosmetic products have gradually developed towards more functional role and continue to gain the capacity to cleanse, dramatically modify, protect and maintain in good condition. Cosmetic product are intended for application on the skin, external mucous membranes, hair ,and nails and to have a local effect , it is not intended to respond to metabolical needs , and is not the function of the cosmetic
Chemical kinetics is a branch of chemistry that involves reaction rates and the steps that follow in. It tells you how fast a reaction can happen and the steps it takes to make complete the reaction (2). An application of chemical kinetics in everyday life is the mechanics of popcorn. The rate it pops depends on how much water is in a kernel. The more water it has the quicker the steam heats up and causes a reaction- the popping of the kernel (3). Catalysts, temperature, and concentration can cause variations in kinetics (4).
Lindberg, D. (n.d.). Herbal Medicine: MedlinePlus. U.S National Library of Medicine. Retrieved May 7, 2014, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herbal
Falak Mdahi Chem 203.2 The Synthesis of Acetanilide from Acetic Anhydride and Aniline Introduction Recrystallization is a technique used to purify solids that contain small amounts of impurities. It is used to isolate pure solids from a supersaturated solution, leaving the impurities in the solvent (1). The solid containing the impurities is placed in a hot solvent and upon cooling the compound precipitates to its purified form while the impurities are left behind in the solvent (1). There are six steps when it comes to undergoing a recrystallization of a solid.