a. Erik Erickson’s theory pf psychosocial development is composed of different stages that everyone must go through. It is important for every individual to achieve at every stage, and it will lead to a healthy personality. If a person fails a stage it can lead to despair, or in different cases depression. When reaching adulthood we reach the stage of Intimacy vs. Isolation, which is people who are 18 to 40 years of age. During this stage of life the person begins to share themselves more intimately with other people. They are seeking a long lasting relationship, someone they can share their life together with. If a person who is in this stage avoids intimacy it can consequential lead to isolation. Isolations leads to being lonely and in different …show more content…
Morality is the distinction between right and wrong. If people have morality they can differentiate between good and bad behavior. During early childhood children do not have the same sense of morality as older children, because they are just beginning to develop their own sense of moral judgement. During this stage children feel as if punishment is what drives their moral judgement. If a child takes a toy away from another child, and that child begins to cry, the child that stole the toy does not worry about the child’s feelings. Only if the child will get punished for his or her actions. According to Jean Piget, “young children ages 5 to 10 years see the world through a heteronomous morality.” This is where the children feel adults have rules in place for them to follow and they are not flexible at all. Kohlberg calls this the pre-conventional level of his theory of moral development. This is where people judge the morality of an action by its direct consequence. Stage one of Kohlberg’s theory is driven by obedience and punishment. Stage two is self-interest driven. Individuals in this stage have the mindset of what is in it for them. Stage three which is in the next level known as conventional. This stage is known as good intentions as determined by social consensus. The individuals in this stage enter society and acts according to social standards. Stage four is driven by authority and social order obedience. This individual in this stage knows it’s important to obey laws, and to maintain a functioning society. The last level is Post-Conventional. Stage five is driven by social contract. In this stage the individual knows there are many opinions, rights, and values. They must all be respected. The last stage is stage six. It is driven by universal ethical principles. The individual understands that legal rights are unnecessary, and social contracts are not essential for moral actions. Carol Gilligan criticizes Kohlberg for being biased in his research. Her
Erik Erikson developed the psychosocial theory, and “he describes our social experiences during our whole life span using eight different stages” (Cherry 2015). The first four stages are “trust vs. mistrust; which describes how the child needs to be able to trust their adult figures, autonomy vs. shame and doubt; which is about person control, initiative vs. guilt; which is about children learning to lead others, industry vs. inferiority; which is about gaining a sense of pride in things” (Cherry 2015). The final four stages are “identity vs. confusion; which begins the sense of self, intimacy vs. isolation; which explores personal relationships, generativity vs. stagnation; which focuses on career and family, and the final stage being integrity vs. despair; which describes reflecting back on life” (Cherry
Morality, which is one’s general standards about right and wrong behavior, also includes prosocial behavior and other traits such as honesty, fairness, and concern about other people’s rights and welfare (Omrod, 2014). Both morality and prosocial behavior involve multiple parts of the brain, emotions and complex reasoning abilities. Some age-typical characteristics for preschool aged children include, some understanding that behaviors causing physical or psychological harm are morally wrong, a sense of guilt and shame about misbehaviors that cause harm to others, also display empathy and sympathy, and children at this age also show an appreciation for the need to be fair.
The story involves his cousin stealing from a Walmart, and he knowing about it and not telling anyone. He knew that if he got caught, that he would also get in trouble for keeping quiet, but if he ratted out his cousin, he might not get discipline for speaking up. For the first stage of Obedience v Punishment in Pre-Moral, he knew what his cousin was doing was wrong and was considering telling to follow the rules and avoid punishment. For the second stage of Individualism & Exchange in Pre-Moral, he put himself in his cousin’s shoes and thought about how he would feel if he found out his cousin told on him, and he did not want his cousin to be upset at him. For the third stage of Good Boy & Good Girl in Conventional, Kohlberg states that Alphonso would not tell on his cousin to follow the rules, but to have people like him for being good; this is something that he said he considered and he would rather have everyone love him and his cousin hate him than visa versa. In the fourth stage of Law & Order in Conventional, Alphonso would immediately tell the Walmart security or the police because he respects the rules and does not want to disrespect the order of things in society. Crain (2011, p. 162) states; at stage 4, in contrast, the respondent becomes more broadly concerned with society as a whole. Now the emphasis of on obeying laws, respecting authority,
At a very young age, children are exposed to values before they gain the ability to reason effectively and to think critically. Whenever they misbehave, their parents correct their behaviors by means of punishment. Therefore, a misbehaved child will associate their wrongdoings with a negative emotion, deterring them from performing the punished behavior. They also learn morality by absorbing the emotions of those around them in their environment, and as a result, their feelings and behaviors are shaped by what they observe. Additionally, individuals introspect their feelings to decide whether or not their actions are considered moral. If an action makes the individual feel guilty, then he or she will conclude that it is wrong. This could not
Level one is typically common in younger children. The two stages in level one are pre-conventional stages. Stage one is obedience and punishment driven; one will judge an action by the consequences given. Stage two is out of self interest. Level two is mostly common in teenagers.
To sum up Erikson’s psychosocial stages, Intimacy vs. Isolation is present in adults eighteen and up, according to Erickson. When an adolescent begins to share things with someone they would not share with anyone else, they have successfully demonstrated open intimacy. DJ was able to become extremely intimate with her high school sweet heart Steve, and further depict Erickson’s Intimacy vs. isolation as they spoke of a long-term relationship together. The ability to achieve these relationships further demonstrates the secure attachment and ability to hold close
Psychosocial stage of development The theory of personality of Erik Erikson is among one of the most important theories used to explain how people develop their personality. Although a psychoanalyst, Erikson not merely considered the psychosexual aspect as the mere factors that contributed to the development of individuals’ personality, but also took into account the psychosocial aspect. Erikson divided personality development into eight stages: basic trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role diffusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair, (Cervone & Pervin, 2013; Johnson & Ahmad, 2014; Maitland, 2011). According to this theory, I have been greatly influenced by the stage four: industry vs. inferiority.
Eric Erikson was one of the most famous theorists of the twentieth century; he created many theories. One of the most talked about theories is his theory of psychosocial development. This is a theory that describes stages in which an individual should pass as they are going through life. His theory includes nine stages all together. The original theory only included eight stages but Erikson‘s wife found a ninth stage and published it after his death. The nine stages include: trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. identity confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, integrity vs. despair, and hope and faith vs. despair (Crandell and Crandell, p.35-36)).
Erik Erikson’s eight Stages of man; politically known as the eight stages of psychosocial development. He promotes social interactions as a motivation to personality development. Erickson studied stages from the beginning of the life cycle to the later stages of life. Erickson was trained under the famous Sigmund Freud. His belief was that it wasn’t only sex that motivated personality development. Social interaction and a growing sense of competence is the key to it all. Because his beliefs differed from the beliefs of Freud, Erikson quickly began to work on his own. Erickson has focused on many different eras of psychological development.
Erik Erikson’s psychoanalytic theory of development is made up of eight stages that span the lifetime. The stages correspond to a specific age and provide a blueprint for what to expect universally from someone in that stage in terms of social development. Erikson believed
This stage deals with the ages from birth to 1 year. This is the stage when
Kohlberg’s theory of the stages of moral development has gained some popularity despite being controversial. The claim that the levels form a “ladder,” the bottom being the immature child with a pre-conventional level and the top being a post conventional ethical individual. The sequence is unvarying and the subject must begin at the bottom with aspirations to reach the top, possibly doing so. (7) Research confirms that individuals from different cultures actually progress according to Kohlbergs theory, at least to the conventional level. Kohlberg’s stages of moral development continue to provide a foundation for psychology studies of moral reasoning. (6)
The moral development of children can depend on many factors. Parenting and upbringing of the child, their environment, social environment, gender, and race are all aspects that can contribute to how a child develops their moral standards and expectations. Many psychologists have tried for several years to develop a theory of how morality is developed. One in particular is Lawrence Kohlberg (1958). His moral development theory is based on the cognitive development of children and it is thought that moral development proceeds and changes as cognitive development occurs (Arnett, 2012).
After reviewing Erikson’s eight stages of life, I believe I am currently in the seventh stage. The seventh stage is known as the mature adulthood (generativity vs. stagnation (or self-absorption)). I am only 22 years old; however, I have completed stage six of young adulthood (intimacy vs. isolation). According to McAdams (2009), “In intimacy versus isolation, the young adult seeks to form long-term bonds with others, epitomized in marriage or long-term romantic commitments,” (p. 382). I have seized my identity and have found intimacy. The intimacy I have found has been characterized into marriage. Since my husband and I have high levels of identity, we were able to establish and maintain a stable relationship with one another.
Psychosocial development is development on a social realm. Psychosocial development is how one develops their mind, maturity level, and emotions over the course of one’s life. The rate of development depends on different factors such as biological processes as well as environmental factors. A man named Erik Erikson who was a psychoanalyst who believed that early childhood successes and failures were responsible for influencing later developmental stages developed this theory. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is based around the theory that social experience has an impact over an entire lifespan. There are eight stages developmental stages of development in the psychosocial theory and I will briefly examine all eight stages in this