St Louis has changed their dominant political arty throughout the years, such as the United States have because of the ideas of the political parties. At the creation of St. Louis the mayors were all whigs 1823-1842 (St. Louis Public Library 2001), the whig party was created to go against Andrew Jackson and his ideas implemented to the U.S. From the years1842-1857 the political parties switched from democratics to know nothings/American and whigs party (St. Louis Public Library 2001). Than from 1857-1943 St. Louis was changing from a democratic and republican mayor frequently and no party was able to hold office for more than 3 terms (St. Louis Public Library 2001). From 1953 to the present there was a change all of the mayors that were elected to office in St. Louis were all democrats (St. Louis Public Library 2001). However, because St. Louis is more of a machine type government the mayor is an important factor but it is the alderman that are seen as controlling the city and that position is more valuable than the mayors. One factor that could contribute to the reason why St. Louis is democratic since 1949 is because of population loss by suburbanization (Mark Groth 2010), or because most of the population is black and more black tend to vote more democratic.
Just like most cities around the United States St. Louis has been effected by racial issues, most of the issues in St. Louis surrounded the equal rights for blacks. One of the major issues that occurred was the housing issue. Housing was a large aspect of racial divide between whites and blacks. Whites and real estate agents would not allow blacks to live in certain areas, this not only happened in St. Louis but in Baltimore and Chicago. These areas would be predominant...
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...way was looked at as a boundary of race. St. Louis is now hubs for rail, truck and airline transportation (Worldmark Encyclopedia of the States 2007). This is an attempt for St. Louis to try and grow their economy and thus eventually become as strong as it once was.
St. Louis has been a troubling city recently with their city economy not doing well and there is still crime. Consequently the major policies that have been arising in St. Louis have mainly been to help the city and its people economically such as, taxing exercise, changing from dividing up money to wards to instead use a point based system, and approving of block grants. These new policies were either set by the state of Missouri and have affected St. Louis in a negative or positive way or set by the St. Louis government to aid their city to develop their economy and become the city that it use to be.
The fourth chapter of City Politics by Dennis R. Judd & Todd Swanstrom covers the rise of "Reform Politics" with many local governments during the first half of the 1900s as a way to combat the entrenched political machines that took control of many large city governments in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Over the course of the chapter, Judd & Swanstrom quickly cover the history of the "reform movement" with different examples of how the reform movement affected city politics in different areas.
...he city and has suffered as a result of losing so much of its tax base to the 1967 riots. The event should be used as a cautionary tale to other cities in transition to be cognizant of demographic changes and represent all of your citizens living within your city.
Rothstein (2014) states “long before the shooting of Michael Brown, official racial-isolation policies primed Ferguson for this summer’s events” (p. 1). Rothstein writes how African-Americans were denied access to better jobs, housing, education, and were placed into areas that eventually became slums. Blacks were relocated several times, which eventually “converted towns like Ferguson into new segregated enclaves” (Rothstein, 2014, p. 9). Government policies were a catalyst that caused what is known as white flight, or the movement of white residents to more private residential, upscale areas, in which blacks could not afford or were not permitted to reside. Some neighborhoods used eminent domain laws to keep blacks from moving into white developments. Blacks were targeted with unethical lending rates by banks. Deceptive real estate practices were the norm when it came to selling houses to African American families. Before 1980, laws allowed boundary and redevelopment policies to keep blacks from white neighborhoods. However, in 1980, the federal courts ordered all forms of government to create plans on school and housing integration. Rothstein (2014) adds “public officials ignored the order” and only “devised a busing plan to integrate schools” (p. 4). The housing market collapse, along with exploding interest rates, left the black neighborhoods devastated, as stated by Rosenbaum (2014, p. 9). Ferguson was less that 1% black in 1970, however by the time Michael Brown was killed in 2014, the community was nearly 70% black, with its schools nearly 90% black. In review, Hannah-Jones (2014) relays how the white flight from St. Louis caused businesses and jobs to leave along with the residents. With their departure, the schools also suffered. Schools
Would you think that St. Louis would be a magnificent place or a horrible terrifying place to be or go? There are some positive and also some negative reasons why St. Louis is a horrible place or a magnificent place. St. Louis is a violent place sometimes but it can also be a beautiful place. Even though St. Louis has a high crime rating it is still a nice city. St. Louis is a well- liked city because of all its attractions and things to do. It would be a nice place to go if you want to go on a vacation or just a fun weekend. If you decide to go there sometime you will have to stay away from the violent parts if you want it to be peaceful.
The setting of the story is Chicago’s South Side. This area of Chicago was known as the “capital of black America” (Manning), and according to Andrew Wiese, Chicago used to be known as “the most segregated city in America” (118). These seriously contradictory statements are true. Chicago’s South Side was home to William L. Dawson, who was the most powerful black politician at the time, and Joe Luis, who was a boxing champion and was known as the most popular black man in America (Manning). It was the most popular place for blacks to migrate to during the Great Migration, and the population grew from 278,000 blacks to 813,000 blacks. Most of the neighborhoods located in the South Side were poor and highly segregated from the rich white neighborhoods located just outside the South Side (Pacyga). The housing in these areas was very poor as well. Most of the African Americans at the time lived in a small apartment called a kitchenette. These were cramped with a small kitchen and small rooms (Plotkin). Lorraine Hansberry describes the Youngers house as a worn out, cramped, and very small apartment (23). She also talks about the small kitchen, living room, and bedrooms (24). These apartments were not ideal, but it was all that many African Americans could afford. If African Americans tried to move nicer neighborhoods, whites would perform violent acts on them (Choldin). This violence was recorded in a African American newspaper, known the Chicago Defender (Best).
Chicago was the best place to live and visit for anyone. Many people traveled from far places to visit and live in Chicago. Long after the World War II many things started reshaping America. One of the most significant was the racial change all over America but specifically in Chicago. Many southern blacks started to move into Chicago. Chicago started to become mostly dominated by blacks and other minorities while whites started to move into the suburbs of Chicago. "Beginning in the 1930s, with the city's black population increasing and whites fleeing to the suburbs, the black vote became a precious commodity to the white politicians seeking to maintain control" (Green, 117). Many of the mayors such as Edward J. Kelly, Martin H. Kennelly, and Richard J. Daley won over the blacks and got their votes for them to become mayor. The black population grew by 77 percent by the 1940. The white population dropped from 102,048 to 10,792 during the years of 1940 to 1960. With all of these people moving into Chicago there had to be more housing. There were many houses built to accommodate all the people. Martin H. Kennelly at one time wanted to tear down slums and have public housing built in the black ghetto. Many of the blacks wanted to escape these ghettos so some of them; if they could they would try to move to the white communities. When the blacks would try to move into the white communities they were met with mobs. There were many hurdles that blacks had to overcome not only in Chicago but all over America. The blacks of Chicago had to fight for a place to live and to find a mayor that would help them for who they are, not their color.
African Americans first migrated to Chicago during the Great Migration of the 1920's. They were seeking employment, schooling, and a better quality of life compared to the poverty of the rural south. With almost all mass migrations of poor people Ghettos' were formed very soon after. The tenements previously inhabited by ethnic whites, such as the Irish, were giving way to Black Ghettos'. The housing was typical of the urban Ghetto's of the time. Ramshackle dilapidated buildings, disease, and crime.
...ite City should be put in consideration primarily. Very often people might see on the news that crime happens every day and violence and corruption are part of it. To promote a better society to future generations these serious issues should be taken into action adequately to minimize numerous deaths in the city of Chicago.
Since 1541, Louisiana has been ruled under ten different flags, starting with Hernando de Soto’s flag, a man who claimed the region for Spain (“About Louisiana”). For six weeks after the Civil War had first started, Louisiana had become an independent commonwealth before finally joining the Confederacy. The Louisiana Purchase was negotiated by President Thomas Jefferson, in 1803, in order to get a part of Louisiana in American hands, which was considered essential (“About Louisiana”). Louisiana was a center for trading and finances during most of its early history and it was one of the most prosperous regions in America due to the act that its land was very abundant. On April 30, 1812, after being admitted into the union, Louisiana became the eighteenth state of the United States (“About Louisiana”). Later on, after sulphur and oil were unearthed in 1869 and 1901, Louisiana became a part of the major industry of America that produces oil and natural gas which is what Louisiana is still a part of to this day. Many people assume that the capital of Louisiana is New Orleans because it is the most populated and one of the most popular cities, but the capital is actually Baton Rouge. Louisiana also has a motto that states “Union, Justice, Confidence.” (“About Louisiana”).
Over the course of this week our lessons began to transition from the explicit discrimination of the past to the current state of segregation and racial tensions, particularly in the St. Louis region. Two of the major issues discussed were hypersegregation and the role it played in the protest movement sparked by the shooting of Michael Brown.
Although Los Angeles had elected their first African-American mayor, Tom Bradley, there were many racial conflicts that were occurring in the city. Many minorities believed they were being harassed and targeted on the basis of their race by the Los Angeles Police Department.6 Los Angeles had a long history for racial tensions because the city was very segregated in the 1940s and 1950s.7 In the 1960s, approximately 95% of African-Americans in Los Angeles Coun...
...gal segregation such as stores and streetcars, with a separate by equal status for blacks. In reality, this led to the accommodations and treatment that were drastically inferior to those provided for white Americans, organizing a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages. In the South eighty percent of the sharecroppers were black and poor.
After the American Civil War ended in 1865 more jobs and education became available for black. The blacks had finally created a middle class in America. Those blacks were expecting to be treated and have the same life as white Americans. In 1896 equal rights for all races came to a halt when the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court ruled racial segregations acceptable. Separate, but ‘equal’ was their motto. African-Americans in the south were met with harsh conditions for whites as labor needed was reduced. Because of this, more blacks started moving to the north because it was considered less vicious. The north allowed all adult men voting rights and provided better education for African-Americans. More jobs became available thanks to World War 1 and the industrial revolution. This became known as the Great Migration and brought more than seven million African-Americans to the North. What was housing like in Harlem? Housing in Harlem was originally intended for white workers to commute to the city, but developers built houses faster than enough transportation causing middle-class white people to leave. White landlords sold their properties to black estate agents like Philip A Payton and Henry C Parker. Development of midtown cause many blacks to move to Harlem; by 1920 the amount of blacks had doubled. When subways and roadways came to Harlem, most of the country’s best black artist, ...
The rise of Jim Crow led to increased racial tension. Although Jim Crow was very famous in the South, Jim Crow also took place in the North. As the migration of African-Americans to the North grew stronger, whites looked to segregate public places such as restaurants, hotels, theaters, as well as other public venues (Boyle 78). For example, Ossian Sweet attended Wilberforce University, which was right outside of Xenia, Ohio. The city had once been proud of this college that was for African-Americans but now due to the rise of Jim Crow, they refused to let the college use any of the town’s facilities or services (Boyle 79). This is just one example of how whites segregated from African-Americans. Another place where segregation occurred was in schools. The Plessy v. Ferguson decision ruled that there could be segregation if the segregated facilities were equal. Segregated schools were very popular in the South but also took place in the North. The problem with this was that the schools were nowhere near equal. African-Americans had very poor school facilities and materials, so they were not getting the same education as the white children, which continued the superiority of the white race. African-Americans looking to attend college also faced ...
Segregation is a process of separating a group of people either in the basis of class, race, religion, ethnicity or any other group from the society. The separation is often forceful. Societies will always have difference when it comes to political decisions, status of the economy and the origins in terms of race ("A History of Segregation in the United States History Essay", 2015). This study reviews the background information to racial residential segregation in the United States of America and the possible solutions to this. Racial residential segregation is usually as a result of self-segregation by blacks, moves by households that are white from neighborhoods