Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. There are currently five known viruses that cause can hepatitis (Microbiology, 10e). The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is transmitted through contact with the blood of an infected person; however, it is now more commonly spread among IV drug users that share needles. Healthcare workers are also at risk for contracting HCV, but with standard precautions, the risk is low. “Prior to 1992, some people acquired the HCV infection from transfusions of blood or blood products. Since 1992, all blood products have been screened for HCV, and cases of HCV due to blood transfusion now are extremely rare. HCV can be passed from mother to unborn child. Approximately 4 out of every 100 infants born to HCV-positive mothers become infected with the virus. A small number of cases are transmitted through sexual intercourse; however, the risk of transmission of HCV from an infected individual to a non-infected spouse or sexual partner without the use of condoms over a lifetime has been estimated to be between 1% and 4%. There have also been some outbreaks of HCV when instruments exposed to blood have been re-used without appropriate disinfection.” (Microbiology, 10e)
The HCV virus measures about 50 nm in diameter; it is classified as a separate genus (Hepacivirus) within the Flaviviridae family. It is the virus that causes Hepatitis C. This family of viruses all has ribonucleic acid (RNA) as their genetic material. “All hepatitis C viruses have an outer coat or envelope and contain enzymes and proteins that allow the virus to reproduce within the cells of the body, in this case, liver cells.” There are at least six strains of the hepatitis C virus, and they all have this structure but have different genotypes. These ...
... middle of paper ...
...platelet count. Depression, irritability, sleep disturbances, anxiety and personality changes have also been noted as adverse effects of this treatment. But the most significant side effect of ribavirin is hemolytic anemia. Hemolytic anemia is a type of anemia due to destruction of red blood cells. Other side effects with ribavirin include cough, and some shortness of breath. There also may be some rashes. There is also the risk of birth defects. In spite of these reported side effects, the virus can be completely eradicated in many cases following treatment.
Works Cited
World Health Organization website, (retrieved November 16, 2011)
http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hepatitis
Hepatitis C Support Project, (retrieved November 27, 2011)
http://www.hcvadvocate.org/hepatitis/factsheets_pdf/Inf%20and%20Rib.pdf
Tortora, Funke, Case, (10th edition), Microbiology
The virus is primarily spherical shaped and roughly 200nm in size, surrounded by a host-cell derived membrane. Its genome is minus-sense single-stranded RNA 16-18 kb in length. It contains matrix protein inside the envelope, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, fusion protein, nucleocapsid protein, and L and P proteins to form the RNA polymerase. The host-cell receptors on the outside are hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The virus is allowed to enter the cell when the hemagglutinin/ neuraminidase glycoproteins fuse with the sialic acid on the surface of the host cell, and the capsid enters the cytoplasm. The infected cells express the fusion protein from the virus, and this links the host cells together to create syncitia.
HAV is known to be an infectious disease that usually occurs in children and young adults .The disease is usually transmitted from person to person through contaminated food, liquids or oral fecal route. An example would be when someone is carrying the virus and doesn’t wash their hands after using the restroom and then puts food in their mouth. HAV is most common in developing countries because of the living conditions and inadequate water, poor sewage facilities and sanitary conditions. The highest HAV levels in the world are from India,” Earlier reports suggest that India is hyperendemic for HAV infection2,4-6 with very high infection rates,” (Sowmyanarayanan). Most HAV are without severe complications, “Virus HAV infection rarely causes fulminant hepatic failure in people…,” (Vento,p.1) . The symptoms for HAV are high fever, nausea, vomiting and jaundice...
Hepatitis A is a usually short-acting virus that occurs in humans and monkeys. It is caused by the Hepatovirus and the species is Hepatitis A Virus. There are two major ways in which hepatitis A can be transmitted. One way is from person to person. This transmission occurs when the fecal matter of an infected person gets ingested by another person.
as 3.5 million people are believed to be carriers which means that they have the
...ons of HBV and HCV end up with cirrhosis which develops to hepatocellular carcinoma therefore they should be vaccinated (LeMone et al, p719).
Hepatitis In modern society when a person gets sick with the flu or a cold they will usually go about their normal routine with the exception of a sneeze or a cough throughout the day. Sometimes things can be more than what they appear to be. The symptoms start out like the flu with coughing, fever, aches, and vomiting. However, the disease gradually worsens with symptoms of extreme weakness and excruciating abdominal pain. By then it is usually too late when the person finds out that their liver is failing and that there disease is caused by one of the most contagious, dangerous and deadliest of viruses. These viruses that were initially concealed by flu like symptoms are now known collectively as the disease of Hepatitis. The disease of Hepatitis is actually by six different types of viral infections, namely, Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G. Hepatitis descries the destructive affect of the viral invasion of the body and liver by six and separate viruses. Each type of viral infection varies from one to another in degree of severity. The names of the viruses are in alphabetical order corresponding to their discovery. There is also a non-viral Hepatitis which is caused by substance. One rumor that has spread about hepatitis is that a person can only contract Hepatitis if associated with HIV or AIDS. This is not true! Any one can become infected with Hepatitis. Unfortunately this is about all most people know of Hepatitis. They need to know the full horror of which the virus is capable. The first of the Hepatitis viral infection to be discovered is Hepatitis A. Hep. A is the mild mannered virus compared to the other viruses. It has the symptoms of influenza, fever, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weakening of body, but it does have some differences such as jaundice (a yellowing pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes) and urine appears to be a darker color. Jaundice is caused by an abundance of bilirubon which has not been removed from the blood system due to the infected liver. Hep. A does not have any special medications or antibiotics that can be used to treat or prevent this unpleasant virus. Some ways of avoiding this viral infection include washing the hands very carefully and not eating food or drink of others. People living in the same house or having close contact should clean the area very thoroughly.
There is a disease spreading out in the world called Hepatitis C. It affects the liver and may cause the liver to fail. This disease is caused by a virus called Hepatitis C virus which is also known as HCV. About 32,000 people are affected with this disease per year only in the United States area. Some It’s a disease with many symptoms and many causes. of these symptoms are easy bruising, upset stomach and fever. These are just some of the many symptoms that come from the virus. Hepatitis Cs nature of the causative agent is determined by many things. The biological data of this disease is filled so much information. It is estimated that over 180 million people have gotten Hepatitis C and it is growing.
Properties of the virus: The hepatitis A virus is a non - enveloped 27 nano meters in size, virus. It is characterized as a RNA based virus. Inactivation of viral activity can be achieved by heating to 100 °C for five minutes, and by contact with formaldehyde and chlorine or by ultraviolet irradiation. The virus is present in the liver, bile, stool and blood during the illness.
The genotype of HCV was identified from the hypervariable region of envelope E2 gene of the virus because HVR1 can be used both to identify
1- Hepatitis is caused by noninfectious agents such as immune, alcoholic and metabolic. Also, it is caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Viral infection such as hepatitis A, B, C, D, & E. All of the hepatitis viruses are RNAs expect hepatitis B. Transmission of Hepatitis B, C, & D is via blood and cause acute and chronic hepatitis. Transmission of Hepatitis A and E is via the fecal-oral route and not cause chronic hepatitis. Chronic hepatitis can progress to fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Unfortunately, there are no good markers to detect HCC. Only AFP is for detection cancer, and it is a poor marker. However, risk groups are subjected to surveillance every six months by ultrasound, and the cancer diagnosis is by biopsy and imaging.
Hepatitis is a serious illness that most commonly affects adults over the age of 40 years old. It can occur in teenagers and children too, but this is generally more rare. Because it stems from a highly-contagious virus, it is crucial that all people who are at risk for contracting it, or who might already have it, read the following information about what the types of hepatitis are, what symptoms it causes, and how it can be prevented.
They then took DNA and RNA from the infected blood of chimpanzees and put it into bacterial cells. The bacterial cells that made proteins that bound antibodies from infected blood but not from uninfected blood showed that only infected blood was making antibodies toward this protein. Researchers made sure that the protein was not of bacterial or human origin to prove that it is most likely a viral protein. In this way they found Hepatitis C. Researchers then tested all of the blood that was positive for hepatitis and not positive for Hepatitis A or B and found that almost all of it was positive for Hepatitis C. With this new way of testing in place, this has decreased the rates of Hepatitis C in the U.S. ("2000 Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by a viral infection or liver damage. The liver is a vital organ with a wide range of functions that help nearly every other organ of the human body; without it we can’t survive. Many illnesses and conditions result in inflammation of the liver, drinking, for example, but mainly certain viruses cause most hepatitis in people. There are several types of hepatitis including type A, B, C, D, and E. Some types will cause no major problems, while other can be chronic, consequently, causing scarring of the liver, loss of liver function, and even liver cancer in some cases.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) one of the numerous leading health complications which has shown chronic and limited hepatitis. Research shows that about 3.5 million people were diagnosed with HBV and out of that 3.5 million, 1 million of them died due to infection of the disease and other symptoms. When it comes to treating HBV, it is difficult because there has been no effective antiviral therapies. With recent accomplishments finding agents such as, indirect or direct therapy, these treatments have considerable side effects and are expensive. So with the housefly, Musca domestica, it is being researched to see whether if it has any anti HBV qualities.
The purpose of this reflective journal is to determine the educational needs that the clinic needs in order to have 100 percent compliance with Hepatitis C (HCV) treatment. HCV is currently affecting millions of individuals who have no idea they have the disease. With a multi-disciplinary team who is dedicated to their jobs and successful in monitoring patients currently on treatment, the relapse rate is minimal and medication compliance will increase. In this journal, I will be discussing the issue of medication compliance, how the Pender’s Health Promotion Model and the use of multidisciplinary teams could be a benefit to the individuals pending or currently on HCV