Personality
1. Freud’s conception of the latent and manifest content of dreams.
Freud was the founding father of psychoanalysis, a method for treating mental illness and a theory explaining human behavior.
• Latent Content: It illustrates the hidden meaning of one’s unconscious thoughts, drives, and desires.
• Manifest Content: It the information that the conscious individual remembers experiencing.
2. Components of the psyche as proposed by Freud.
Freud developed a structural model of the mind comprising the entities.
• Id: It is the set of uncoordinated instinctual trends. It acts according to the "pleasure principle which motivates the tendency to seek immediate gratification of any impulse.
• Ego: It is the organized, realistic part that
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Superego develops.
Oedipus Complex: Boy develops sexual (pleasurable) desires for the mother and develops jealousy towards the father but fears him for his thoughts and thus, develops a castration anxiety for fear that his father will harm his penis.
Electra Complex: The girl desires the father, but realizes that she does not have a penis. This leads to the development of penis envy and the wish to be a boy.
• Latent: Little to no sexual motivation present. No further psychosexual development takes place during this stage and thus, child’s energy is transferred to school, work and other extracurricular activities.
• Genital: Penis or vagina- sexual intercourse. The last stage of Freud 's psychosexual theory of personality development and begins in puberty. It is a time of adolescent sexual experimentation
5. Jung’s concept of the universal unconsciousness: Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and founder of the school of analytical psychology. He proposed and developed the concepts of the extroverted and introverted personality, archetypes, and the collective unconscious.
Archetypes constitute the structure of the collective unconscious - they are psychic innate dispositions to experience and represent basic human behavior and
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The results are based on a psychodynamic interpretation of the details of the drawing, such as the size, shape and complexity of the facial features, clothing and background of the figure.
9. Personality Traits: Idiographic vs. Nomothetic:
Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving.
• The Idiographic view: It emphasizes that each person has a unique psychological structure and that some traits are possessed by only one person; and it is impossible to compare one person with others. This idea also emphasizes that traits may differ in importance from person to person. It tends to use case studies, bibliographical information, diaries etc. for information gathering.
• The Nomothetic view: It emphasizes the application of comparison among the individuals but at the same time, sees people as unique in their combination of traits. This idea sees traits as having the same psychological meaning in everyone. The belief is that people differ only in the amount of each trait. This approach tends to use self-report personality questions, factor analysis etc.
10. Individualistic and Collectivistic
Carl Jung was a Swiss psychologist and psychiatrist who developed many theories concerning the unconscious mind. Jung’s theories state that the unconscious part of a human’s psyche has two different layers, the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. The personal unconscious is unique to every individual; however, the collective unconscious “is inborn.” (Carl Jung, Four Archetypes, 3) The collective unconscious is present in everyone’s psyche, and it contains archetypes which are “those psychic contents which have not yet been submitted to conscious elaboration” (Jung, Archetypes, 5); they are templates of thought that have been inherited through the collective unconscious. Jung has defined many different archetypes such as the archetype of the mother, the archetype of the hero, the archetype of the shadow, etc. These Jungian archetypes are often projected by the collective unconscious onto others. If the novel A Prayer for Owen Meany by John Irving is examined through a Jungian archetypal lens it is possible to discern different archetypes projected by the protagonist’s unconscious self to illustrate the effects of the collective unconscious on character and plot analysis.
Neher, A. (1996). Jung'S Theory of Archetypes: A Critique. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 36(2), 61-91. doi:10.1177/00221678960362008
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was the developer of psychoanalysis. His work created psychoanalytic views of human nature. He interpreted the individuality as a closed energy method, made up of conscious and unconscious parts, defense systems, unconscious instincts, anxieties, and biological drives. Biological instincts and childhood experiences determine who a person will be. Therefore human nature was seen as biologically driven and determined, instead of a combination of learned behaviors to be exploited or a certain possibility for self-actualization.
"The Archetypes and the Collected Unconscious."The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. 2nd ed. Ed. Carl G. Jung. London: Routledge, 1990. 393-417.
Sigmund Freud is known as the founding father of psychology. If it wasn’t for Freud and his work psychology probably wouldn’t be around today (Javel, 1999). Although Freud had many followers there were some who didn’t agree with his work and found his work to be very controversial. There were also many who criticized his work, one of his most controversial and criticized work was his psychosexual stages of development and his believes about the famous “Oedipus Complex.” Psychoanalysis is the first known modality used to treat individuals with psychological disorders. Freud’s work was a foundation for many whether they believed in his work or not. From his work other psychologist
Personality, is defined as the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's distinctive character. But when it comes down to it many different theorists define personality in many different ways. First we see that Sigmund Freud's states that he uses what he calls his own, psychoanalytic theory of personality, and Freud even argues “that human behavior is the result of the interactions among three component parts of the mind: the id, ego, and superego.” ("Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality - Boundless Open Textbook")
Sigmund Freud is one of the most influential psychologists and had a very significant impact in psychoanalysis techniques. Not only was Freud considered the father of psychoanalytic theory, but he also developed the first comprehensive theory of personality (Burger, 2012).
Carl G. Jung was a psychiatrist and psychotherapist from Switzerland (Lightfoot, 2010). Jung has constructed and developed several concepts including extraversion and introversion, collective unconscious and archetypes (Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992). Besides, Jung has a system of personality (also known as psyche), which is analytical psychology, suggested that intrapsychic forces can motivate humans and the shared evolutionary history among people can actually derived different images (Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992). The deep-rooted spiritual concerns are involved in the inherited unconscious and this also can explain why people in the world strive for creative expression and psychic completion (Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992). In this essay, it will discuss about Jung’s collective unconscious, different evidences that support it, the theory of Archetypes and how it can affect our daily life.
pleasure. “The Id is driven by the pleasure principle for immediate gratification of all desires,
Freud believed that a person’s personality is most influenced by the first three stages of psychosexual development: the oral, anal, and phallic. The development of a person in these three stages occurs between the first five years of his or her life. After he or she go through a latency stage before entering the final stage, also known as the genital stage, which occurs around puberty through adulthood. Erikson agrees with Freud on his theory of infantile sexuality, but disagrees that a person’s personality is only based on that aspect. All of Erikson’s stages are present at birth, in latent form, and gradually unravels according to their social surroundings. According to Manning (1988), “The Identity vs. Role Confusion is the most crucial stage of the developmental process. Adults and peers that the person surrounds themselves with ultimately determines whether or not...
In order to understand Jung's theory of archetypes, the reader must first have an understanding of the reasoning behind them. Carl G. Jung explains the conscious mind by dividing it into three different psyches: the ego, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious. The ego is simply Jung's interpretation of the conscious mind. The personal unconscious is anything that is not presently conscious, but can be. The collective unconscious is a reservoir of human experiences that is passed from generation to generation. It includes the archetypes of self, which are archetypes for different kinds of people or characters in literature (Jung 67). They can be described as things such as déjà vu, or love at first sight. It is the feeling that what is being felt or experienced has been felt or experienced before.
Carl Jung is the father of archetypal criticism and creator of the term collective unconscious. Jung (1875 – 1961) was born in Switzerland and learned from Sigmund Freud, a psychoanalytic critic, before breaking off and creating his own literary theory. Because of his shift to the Archetypal theory, also called mythic criticism, Jung was repelled by the psychoanalytic community, until he came up with the idea of a collective unconscious. “Jung’s ideas caused him to be banished from the psychanalytic community for the next five years. During this time, he formulated his own model of the human psyche, which would become his most important contribution to psychology and literary criticism (Bressler).” The collective unconscious is the common knowledge of themes and archetypes that every human has gained from ancestral memory. This is the bases for Archetypal criticism, the reason for humans being able to recognize archetypes and recurring patterns in literature. Archetypal literary works relate to the beliefs, knowledge, and desires of readers through recognizable themes and archetypes (Bressler 149). Archetypes are universally recognized patterns, characteristics, or objects that invoke similar emotional responses from every person. Archetypes give literary works deeper meaning because
Sigmund Freud developed the psychosexual stages of development to describe the chronological process of development that took place from birth through later adulthood. The stages of psychosexual are oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. Freud developed that as children grow they progress from self-pleasing sexual activity to reproductive activity. Through this developmental process one will develop adult personality. Freud put much emphasis on sexual context of how ones libido, which is one sexual desires played a role in each stage of development. Freud emphasizes that individuals will strive to obtain pleasures in each stage of development, which becomes the basis of ones personality.
Developmental psychology is an area of research dedicated to the understanding of child-development. Throughout history many theories have been used to attempt to explain the complex process. Two of those theorists, Freud and Erikson, were instrumental in creating a foundation for child-psychology to build on. From a Freudian perspective, human development is centered on psychosexual theory. Psychosexual theory indicates that maturation of the sex drives underlies stages of personality development. Alternatively, Erikson is considered a neo-freudian scholar who developed psychosocial theory. In Erikson models there are eight major conflicts that occur during the course of an individual’s life.
The theory does a good job at delineating the stages of psychosexual development; our childhood has a great influence on our personalities. Referring to Freud’s ‘psychosexual stages’, it is very clear that parents’ role in an infant’s life is the foremost step to structure the personality. Not to forget, the oral and anal stages are focal fundamental to character traits in a person’s behavior. The inner ‘instincts’ of sexuality and aggression meeting with the socially acceptable norms creates a conflict zone, wherein it is decided what we are to do and what we would become.