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The Odyssey and the Epic of Gilgamesh
The epic of Gilgamesh and the Odyssey
Gilgamesh and the odyssey
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Ancient literature often utilized fate and free will to explicate events that have occurred throughout different stories. In both the Epic of Gilgamesh and Homer’s The Odyssey, humans possess limited free will as a result of influence from divine beings. Within the Epic of Gilgamesh, instances of characters’ fate are determined by an external being. For example, in Tablet VII, Enkidu dreams of Enlil’s conclusion regarding the killing the Bull of Heaven and Humbaba; “Let Enkidu die, but let not Gilgamesh die!” (Tablet VII, pg. 55). By the end of the tablet, we see Enkidu die from the God’s curse; however, opposing point of views would claim that Enkidu would have died regardless of his actions with Gilgamesh, stating that he died of an illness
Fate and free will, two subjects that go hand in hand in the Odyssey. The Odyssey is filled with examples of both fate and free will. I believe the gods of the Odyssey interfere with the lives of humans, but don’t control their lives completely. I also believe that humans in the Odyssey have some control over their lives, but do they?
Gilgamesh who has always gotten what he wanted could not save Enkidu from death. The death of Eknidu effected Gilgamesh and the way the character would evolve from the death of his friend. The friendship with Enkidu allows Gilgamesh to see the reality of death. When Enkidu dies then Gilgamesh becomes obsessed with his own mortality. “What my brother is now, that shall I be when I am dead.” (Gil. 31)
As the men had returned to their human form, Odysseus yearning for home turned to Kirke, “Oh mighty Kirke, Goddess of the magical arts, would thou gudiest us home”. Kirke had slowly been falling for the likes of Odysseus and had wanted nothnig but him. She responded, “Son of Laertes, sprung from Zeus, Odysseus of many devices, you must not leave. There is much to explore in this island and you need’nt leave or yearn for home, For i can be your home.” Enrageed by the request of the witch, Odysseus looked at her and spoke sternly, “Witch! How dare you, i have only one home, in Ithaka, one wife, in Penelope, and one goal, in reaching the loving arms of my one true love”. Embarrassed and hurt Kirke turned around with tears in her eyes as they walked
Gilgamesh, the mythological King of Uruk, is the main feature in the ancient poem, The Epic of Gilgamesh. Early on in the poem readers learn that Gilgamesh has a harsh and overpowering personality. In fact, many of his nobles live in fear and do not dare to confront him. As a result, they decide to call upon Aruru, the Goddess of Creation, to create a brave enough being that will challenge Gilgamesh. Aruru creates out of moistened clay, Enkidu, who is both equally as strong and as powerful as Gilgamesh. After being raised by animals, the undomesticated Enkidu embarks to Uruk to battle Gilgamesh. However, after a combatted meeting, Gilgamesh and Enkidu realize they would make better friends than enemies. The two combine their strength and power and embark on a journey. For Gilgamesh, this journey quickly becomes a lesson learned in the inevitability of death. However one could argue that the lesson Gilgamesh learns doesn’t so much concern death but
The gods are not fated to die as they are immortals. This lack of fate does not mean they can disregard what is proscribed by a mortal's unknowingly chosen fate. When Zeus sees Hector fleeing from Achilles “Come then, you immortals, take thought and take counsel, whether to rescue this man or weather to make him, for all his valor, go down under the hands of Achilles, the son of Peleus”(XXII: 174-173) to which Pallas Athena responds “Father of the shining bolt, dark missted what is this you said? Do you wish to bring back a man who is mortal, one long since doomed by his destiny, from ill-sounding death and release him?” Aethena ask this question as Zeus ask an impossible task that can not be completed regardless of his wishes. There is a caveat to the rules of godly interference in the lives of mortals.
Consequences are inevitable. A decision made today will have consequences that can last years or even a lifetime. Both Gilgamesh and Enkidu made choices that changed their lives forever. Consequences can be both positive and negative, but each is equally long lasting.
In Greek mythology as a whole, fate does have a sizeable role in most tales. However, the definition of fate for the ancient Greeks extends from the common definition. The definition of fate that is familiar to us is anything that happens for an unknown reason and is out of our control. But in Greek mythology fate also involves divine intervention from the gods of Olympus. They are able to change outcomes and alter situations to the point where what occurs might not have happened without them. In The Odyssey, gods have a very prominent role. But you cannot just discuss fate by itself. Free will is also a factor. Free will is mankind’s ability to make decisions control the aspects of one’s life. In The Odyssey life is the individual’s responsibility.
Enkidu’s deathly dream involved the Gods anger over the death of Humbaba and the Bull of Heaven. Shamash, the sun god, stands up for the pair of friends. He tells the other Gods that he sent the two on the quest to kill these two characters. Gilgamesh was not able to understand why the Gods would take all their anger out on Enkidu and not him also. The Gods had made up their minds and Enkidu was going to die: “The day he had the dream, his strength ran out. / Enkidu lay there one day, a second day he was ill, / Enkidu lay in his bed, his illness grew worse” (Gilgamesh,
In Sophocles ' Oedipus the King, the themes of fate and free will are very strong throughout the play. Only one, however, brought about Oedipus ' downfall and death. Both points could be argued to great effect. In ancient Greece, fate was considered to be a rudimentary part of daily life. Every aspect of life depended and was based upon fate (Nagle 100). It is common belief to assume that mankind does indeed have free will and each individual can decide the outcome of his or her life. Fate and free will both decide the fate of Oedipus the King.
One of the main themes in the epic is that death is inevitable, which is shown through Enkidu's death. When Enkidu dies, Gilgamesh becomes very worried, because he realizes for the first time that everyone is going to die at some point in time. The fact that Enkidu is a close friend makes it even more visible to Gilgamesh that everyone is mortal. Then, along with this realization, comes the theme of denial. Gilgamesh does not want to accept the fact that he will die. He denies the truth, because he does not want to think about the truth or cope with the tragedy that has struck him. "And he-he does not lift his head. 'I touched his heart, it does not beat'" (Tablet VIII, Column II, 15-16). "'Me! Will I too not die like Enkidu? Sorrow was come into my belly. I fear death; I roam over the hills. I will seize the road; quickly I will go to the house of Utnapishtim, offspring of Ubaratutu. I approach the entrance of the mountain at night. Lions I see, and I am terrified. I lift my head to pray to the mood god Sin: For...a dream I go to the gods in prayer: ...preserve me!'" (Tablet IX, Column I, 3-12).
Free will on the other hand is not engineered. It speaks to the concept of having full authority over one's aspirations and ultimate direction. The key there is "ultimate." The gods can make up the plan and choose the path, but the people had to walk it. Therefore, fate and free will are not mutually exclusive and they both go on throughout The Odyssey.
The world may never know if we have power to control our ultimate destinies or not. However, it is clear in Oedipus the King and The Epic of Gilgamesh that free will does not exist. Oedipus and Gilgamesh are puppets being controlled by the gods above, helpless to exercise free will. No matter what course they take, Oedipus cannot escape from killing his father and marry his mother and Gilgamesh cannot escape death. Nevertheless, their fears cause them to try to manipulate their actions and stop their fates from occurring. It is only a matter of time before these two characters fail in their attempts and realize that trying to control destiny is futile.
Have you ever thought what would be like if the gods get involve in our life? What would be of us if they do? In the story of Homer 's Iliad, we see how the gods gets involve in people life quite often, and what effect it have on the person when they do. In this paper I will be arguing the differences and the similarities of books 3 and 22 from Homer 's Iliad. I will be talking about the issue of human free will vs. the role of gods in our life. In particular, in book 3 we see how our free will can have the gods get involve in our life’s, where in book 22 we see how free will can decide our destiny without any help from the gods.
In English literature and Greek mythologies fate and free will played colossal responsibilities in creating the characters in the legendary stories and plays. The Greek gods believed in fate and interventions, predictions of a life of an individual before and after birth which the individual has no control over their own destiny. Free will and fate comingle together, this is where a person can choose his own fate, choose his own destiny by the choices the individual will make in their lifetime. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the definition of free will is the “freedom of humans to make choices that are not determined by prior cause of divine intervention”. Fate and the gods who chose their destinies directed Gilgamesh, Oedipus and Achilles.
One of the most compelling topics The Iliad raises is that of the intricate affiliations between fate, man and the gods. Many events related by Homer in his epic poem exhibit how these three connections interweave and eventually determine the very lives of the men and women involved in the war. Homer leaves these complex relationships slightly unclear throughout the epic, never spelling out the exact bonds connecting men's fate to the gods and what can be considered the power of fate. The motivation for the ambiguousness present in The Iliad is not easily understood, but it is a question that enriches and helps weave an even greater significance of the results into Homer's masterpiece. I feel that the interaction between man, god, and fate can be shown to be one great fluidity that ultimately leaves life mysterious, giving much more depth and complexity to the bonds between the three.