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Auditing:generally accepted auditing practice
Internal Auditing Procedures
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Revenue serves as a representation of how much a company is worth in terms of how many products sold or services offered. The revenue recognition principle states that “revenue should be recognized when earned” (Averkamp 2004, online). When revenue is recognized is split over several periods, it can make a company appear to be more profitable, and display a stability in earnings that does not exist. When revenue is recorded as one lump sum at a future period such a recession, it can make companies appear to be profitable during a time when they should not be. In his book, Financial Shenanigans, Howard Schilit discusses several ways in which companies manipulate revenue; I will be discussing three of those situations. Schilit states that sometimes companies “record revenue from transactions that lack economic substance” to boost their profits (2010, p. 76). This method focused on selling customers intangible products that were not necessary. The problem with this is that it deceptive in that is allows companies the freedom to prey on the gullible. It is a known fact that most people will buy anything if they believe that it will protect their future, and when money is involved that fear doubles. Auditors can detect this by knowing their clients’ product offerings and asking …show more content…
What he means by this is that sometimes when the parties doing business know each other, their objectivity can get lost in the decision making process. One party may miss or knowingly overlook something, so that they other can benefit such as a discounted rate on a service or product. From an outside perspective, that could be perceived as shady business practices. Auditors can detect these acts by doing their due diligence and making sure that all of the numbers in their client’s financial statements add
3. Which of the following is not normally a condition that must be met for revenue to be recognized
Auditors do not provide audit opinions for different levels of assurance. Therefore, auditors consider providing more or less assurance when modifying evidence for engagement risk to be unnecessary. However, auditors should be professionally responsible to accumulate additional evidence, assign more experienced personnel, and review the audit more thoroughly, particularly when a client poses a higher than normal degree of engagement risk. The auditor should also modify evidence for engagement risk when high legal exposure and other potential actions affecting the auditor
Madura, Jeff. What Every Investor Needs to Know About Accounting Fraud. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004. 1-156
situation in the United States and an unfold story about his family money stash , I can relate to
This accounting principle requires companies to use the accrual basis of accounting. The accounting method under which revenues are recognized on the income statement when they are earned (rather than when the cash is received). The balance sheet is also affected at the time of the revenues by either an increase in Cash (if the service or sale was for cash), an increase in Accounts Receivable (if the service was performed on credit), or a decrease in Unearned Revenues (if the service was performed after the customer had paid in advance for the service).
During the audit 213 sales transactions were examined to test revenue controls; 82 deviations were found and are as follows:
for a product over a period of time. It shows the revenue by a product
Current tallies of the New York Stock Exchange, the NYSE, have equated its assets to nearly fifteen-trillion dollars, which does not even cancel out our national debt. The NYSE was officially opened in 1792, since then many people have become extremely wealthy while some have even became extremely poor. Our country has benefitted from the stock exchanges too, by creating jobs and influencing the economy in positive and negative ways. The United States economy and the stock market seem to share many relations, such as the repeating economic cycle of thirty years; which demonstrates the upswings and downswings of the NYSE. Over the past three-hundred and twelve years the New York Stock Exchange has contributed greatly to our country, in both positive and negative ways.
Accounting fraud refers to fraud that is committed by a company by maintaining false information about the sales and income in the company books, when overstating the company's assets or profits, when a company is actually undergoing a loss. These fraudulent records are then used to seek investment in the company's bond or security issues. By showing these false entries, the company attempts to apply fraudulent loan applications as a final attempt to save the company by obtaining more money from bankruptcy. Accounting frauds is actually done to hide the company’s actual financial issues.
FASB Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts (CON) 5, Recognition and Measurement in Financial Statements of Business Enterprises, set forth the historic guiding principle to revenue recognition. Pursuant to paragraph 83, for revenue to be recognized it must be (a) realized or realizable and (b) earned. Revenues are “realized” when products, goods, services, or other assets are exchanged for cash or claims to cash. They are “realizable” when related assets received or held are readily convertible to known amounts of cash or claims of cash. Revenue is “earned” when an entity has “substantially accomplished what it must do to be entitled to the benefits represented by the revenues.” SEC Staff Accounting Bulleting (SAB) 104, Revenue Recognition issued in December 2003 provided additional guidance to when revenue is realized or realizable and earned setting forth four basic criteria: (1) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (2) delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, (3) the seller’s price to the buyer is fixed or determinable, and (4) collectibility is reasonable assured.
Also, people in the finance department create revenue models using data, which is a more accurate way to show which
Total revenue, which is the total amount of income received from the sales of a certain quantity of goods or services. Total revenue can be calculated by multiplying the price of a product times the quantity sold. For instance, if 160 baseball caps are sold and each baseball cap was priced at $5 each, the total revenue would be (160*5) $180.
Dowd (2016) runs above and beyond with the clarification to state accounting fraud incorporates the change of accounting records in regards to sales, incomes, costs and different components for a profit motive, for example, boosting organization stock prices, getting ideal financing or maintaining a strategic distance from obligation commitments. Dowd is of the feeling that covetousness, absence of straightforwardness, poor administration data and poor accounting interior controls are a couple of explanations behind accounting fraud. (Dowd,
In today’s day and age, there is a lot of news that is related to corporate accounting fraud as companies intentionally manipulate their financial statements to show a better picture of their financial health. The objective of financial reporting is to provide financial information about a company to its various stakeholders such as investors and creditors so that these stakeholders can make decisions accordingly. Companies can show a better image of their financial well being by providing misleading information. This can be done by omitting material information from the books or deceitful appropriation of assets such as inventory theft, payroll fraud, check forgery or embezzlement. Fraudulent financial reporting will have an effect on the This includes but is not limited to; check forgery, inventory theft, cash or check theft, payroll fraud or service theft.
Carr illustrates his point with a poker analogy. According to Carr just like poker has ethics of its own, business also has ethics of its own which differ from the standard rules of morality. People who are playing poker do not obey to the same moral rules that they would follow in other situations. Carr demonstrates that in poker, lying and dishonesty are benefits; whereas in normal circumstances those traits are immoralities. It is therefore a mistake to judge business practices by rules of everyday morality. Thus, by businesses obeying their own moral standards their practices are morally acceptable. However, a person can argue that business is not a game and that people’s means of support is at stake. In addition, it is highly unclear that consumers or stakeholders have accepted these rules or are in on this “game”. In poker, one chooses to play the game and accepts its rules; however, in business one is forced to play the game of business. William Shaw is one of the people that criticized Carr’s claim and responds that Carr is defending a kind of ethical relativism. Ethical relativism refers to the idea that what is right and wrong depends on one’s own culture or society. Shaw agrees that the consumers of business have no choice of playing the game of business therefore ...