Federal Probation Officers began as volunteers in the 1900’s. Congress passed legislation establishing the Federal Probation system in 1925. By 1929 the first U.S. Probation Officer was designated under the U.S. Department of Justice. Until 1939, the U.S. Probation Office was assigned under the administration of the U.S. Department of Justice. Congress then authorized the creation of the Administration Office of the United States Courts. Within the Administrative Office, the Division of Probation and Pretrial Services were created. (United States District Court, 2011)
The Pretrial Services Act of 1982 was signed into law by President Reagan “authorizing the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, under the supervision and direction of the Judicial Conference of the United States, to provide, direct or by contract or otherwise, for the establishment of the Pretrial Services in each U.S. judicial district.” (United States District Court, 2011)
There are 94 Federal District Courts today and each district has its own U.S. Probation Office, while many also have their own U.S. Pretrial Services Offices. Federal Probation and Pretrial Services Officers are federal law enforcement officers, who are individually appointed by the Chief Judge of that district. Officers are eligible for a 20 year retirement and mist be appointed before their 37th birthday, due to the mandatory separation age of 57. (United States District Court, 2011)
Federal Pretrial Services Offices are different from other federal law enforcement agencies, because they are “regionally aligned” to their judicial districts, not to a single main command office. All Pretrial Service Officers, report to the Chief Pretrial Services Officer of that ...
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...ed as the cycle of crime individuals fall into, due to social and economic struggles. These people are more likely to continue into the cycle of crime, due to certain policies that have been created to “punish” these individuals (i.e. Three Strikes Law). These populations are often negatively targeted by policy makers. This policy change provides a realistic view of how policy decisions can negatively affect certain populations, while in turn causing more problems for society and allowing the cycle of crime to continue.
Works Cited
Functions and Powers Relating to Pretrial Services, U.S. Code, Title 18 Part II Chapter 207 http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/usc_sec_18_00003154----000-.html, Retrieved December 3, 2011.
United States District Court, Southern District of California U.S. Pretrial Services, http://www.caspt.uscourts.gov/, Retrieved December 3, 2011.
In The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison by Jeffery Reiman and Paul Leighton, four multifaceted issues are focused on and examined. These issues are the Unites States high crime rates, efforts in explaining the high crime rates, where the high crime rates originally came from, and the success attained at a high price. The initial key issue that Reiman and Leighton discuss is America’s high rising crime rates with the understanding of the people that believe policy and regulations are the causes of the decrease in crime. The many graphs throughout the chapter represent information that undoubtedly illustrates that specific policy and regulation may cause rates to become stagnate or strike a plateau. While the rule makers make it appear as though their organization is functioning. Later guns and gun control policy are discussed. With the stern enforcement of the gun policy, at the time, crime appeared to decline, or become stagnate resulting in a plateau effect that is illustrated in the graphs. Countless arrests were made with large quantities of people being imprisoned. Du...
The assumption that all three-time offenders are incorrigible criminals is an oversimplification of a more complex problem. Three-strikes is based on this assumption that a few extreme cases are representative of all criminals. Mimi Silbert points...
In the US, the history of the Juvenile justice system has taken many years to reach where it is now. There are three main milestones in this history which include In re Gault, house of refugee and early facilities. The In re Gault was the time that the Supreme Court made a decision 1967 to legalize the constitutional rights of the juvenile justice system. The second milestone includes the house of refugees which was very first establishment of a juvenile justice system back in 1850. It became operational in the year 1855. The third milestone was the official
The main topic that we get from this idea is popular punitivism. Popular punitivism is a process that is used all over the world to try and control crime. It is a concept that balances coercion and consent that uses movements that are with the popular opinion “to engage in vote buying and power maintenance” (Makin). The idea of this is that officials focus crimes that the public is seeing more often than usually. Looking at Cohen’s deviancy amplification process can help explain this better. The process shows that when the media begins to talk more about a certain crime then the public thinks that that particular crime rate is rising and the clear up rate is falling. After this the fear of crime increasing and there begins to be a mass panic. The officials see this panic and focus their attention on the punishment of that crime. New legislations are created that impose more severe punishments so that the officials can show the community that they see what is going on and they are trying to fix it. Citizens believe that if the officials are tough on the crime than the problem will go away. However, we know that the problem does not just go away and now that we have harsher penalties there are more people being thrown into
Through the first chapter of this book the focus was primarily on the notion of controlling crime. The best way to describe crime policy used in this chapter is comparing it to a game of ‘heads I win, tails you lose’. This chapter also addresses the causes for decline in America’s
Sense and Nonsense about Crime and Drugs by Samuel Walker Samuel Walker, author of Sense and Nonsense about Crime and Drugs, presented us in his book with forty-eight propositions that dealt with crime, drugs, and our efforts toward getting rid of these problems. A few of these propositions informed us on positive actions taking place in our criminal justice system, but the majority of them told us what was not working to fight crime and drugs. One of those propositions that was a negative aspect of our justice system today in Mr. Walker's eyes was the "three strikes and you're out" laws (referred to here after as three strikes laws). He gives numerous reasons why this law is not considered to be an effective one. This paper will first explain Walker's view on the issue and then review some of the current research and opinions on the matter.
The United States Marshal Service (USMS) is a part of the Department of Justice. The United States Marshal Service occupies ninety-four United States Marshals, all appointed by the president. One Marshal is appointed to each federal court district. The headquarters is located in Washington, D.C. This is the oldest and most versatile federal law enforcement service. Although this service is often overlooked, it is critical in maintaining order in law enforcement. This service arrests approximately 337 fugitives every day. In addition to having offices held in the United States, offices are also open overseas in Columbia, Jamaica, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic. The United States Marshal Service is responsible for detaining the most dangerous fugitives. This service provides many services which include managing prisoners, and sponsoring the Witness Security Program.
Stienstra, Donna, Jared Batallion and Jared A. Catone. "Assistance to Pro Se Litigants in U.S. District Courts: A Report on Surveyrs of Clerks of Court and Chief Judges." 2011. fjc.gov. Web Document. 9 September 2013.
A probation system is an opportunity offered to offenders with minor crimes or good behavior in where the offender is not send to jail instead he/she is put it in probation in where they have to report to a police officer and they have to follow the court orders and cannot break the law. Usually probation is an opportunity for offenders to reintegrated with the community. The North Carolina Probation system is based on supervising the offenders and help them succeed. Also making sure that the offenders don't go back to prison or jail. The organization of the probation system is very similar to a corrections goal which is overall rehabilitation. Probation is not given to anyone, before an offender is place on probation a judge would look at all his criminals record, acts against
There is some important history he or she should know about the profession. Probation and parole officers have been around for quite some time. They are very important in the society we have today.
This theory however as some have argued has emerged from social disorganisation theory, which sees the causes of crime as a matter of macro level disadvantage. Macro level disadvantage are the following: low socioeconomic status, ethnic or racial heterogeneity, these things they believe are the reasons for crime due to the knock on effect these factors have on the community network and schools. Consequently, if th...
Smith, C. E. (2004). Public defenders. In T. Hall, U.S. Legal System (pp. 567-572-). [Ebscohost]. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook
When I first applied for my internship at the Public Defender’s Office I had thought that the interaction among the jailers and other jail administrators would be the most relatable to the material discussed in class. Unexpectedly, I discovered that the interaction among the legal staff at the office was particularly relevant to my studies, epitomizing the interplay between the legal and public professions; all of the caveats, exceptions, and limitations that are associated with operating in the public sector melded with the intricacies and absurdities of criminal defense law. Elements of budgeting, ethics management, and personnel management were demonstrated in the office, ranging from the resignation of an attorney to the scarcity of essential office furniture and equipment. In addition to the administrative aspects of my work at the office, the opportunity to interview potential clients at the county jail helped expand my world view.
United States. Department of Justice. "MEMORANDUM TO GENERAL COUNSELS." Washington, D.C: Office of Legal Counsel. 28 June 1995. <http://clinton2.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OP/html/aa/ap-b.html>
...ernment. On the other hand, probation is a judicial function. Also, parolees have already spent time in prison before being released into to the community while probationers usually haven’t (in most states). In some jurisdictions, both are supervised by state employed officers or agents, while in others they are supervised by separate probation or parole agencies (Stohr, Walsh, & Hemmens, 2013, p.270). Parole and probation officer (sometimes these jobs are combined in some jurisdictions) have two common roles: to protect the community and to assist the probationers/parolees to become more productive, law-abiding members of the community. This dual role makes them both law enforcement officers as well as social workers.