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Imagine two students, one depressed and one not, who have both done well on a paper. Using the dimensions of attribution compare the depressed student’s attributions to that of the non-depressed student and explain how their attributions correspond to their degree of depression.
As “naïve psychologists” (Hogg & Vaughan, 2002), we make assessments about our environment and come to conclusions about events and behaviour we experience. These attributions we make effect how we feel about situations and our “expectations about future events” (modelling … paper). In the context of failure and success, a non-depressed person will generally attribute success to their own efforts (internal) and attribute failure to circumstantial dimensions (external). This correspondence bias serves to maintain and protect self-esteem in a healthy person (Hogg & Vaughan, 2002). A depressed person will make the opposite attributions. Making internal attributions in the event of failure and external attributions in the event of success allows the person to maintain negative perceptions of themselves and the world and allows the continuation of low self-expectations. (Pyszczynski & Greenberg, 1985)
The non-depressed student, in the role of actor, is likely to make internal attributions for their success on a paper e.g. their grade is due to their intelligence and/or effort made in that subject. This is an example of a self-serving bias, more specifically, a self-enhancing bias (Hogg & Vaughan, 2002). The non-depressed student is not likely to consider any external factors toward their success as valid as this will enable them to “maintain self-esteem and ego” (Hogg & Vaughan, 2002) . The depressed student is typically going to make opposite attributions to the non-depressed student. In the role of actor, the depressed student will attribute their success to external causes e.g. they were ‘lucky’ or the paper was particularly easy (Albery et al., 2004)?? The depressed student will focus on external explanations for their success when “behaviour is inconsistent with the perceivers expectations” e.g. when they do well on a paper, but expect to do poorly. (CITE!)
Weiner claimed we use 3 causal dimensions of locus, stability and controllability, when making an attribution (Hogg & Vaughan, 2002). “Locus concerns whether the cause is perceived as being internal or external to the actor; stability refers to whether the causes are temporary or permanent in nature; and controllability concerns whether the cause is perceived as being controllable or uncontrollable” (Albery et al., 2004). Using Weiner’s attribution
Gordon S. Wood delves into Benjamin Franklin’s philosophical, political, and personal legacies in the biography, The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin. The book travels through Franklin’s experiments, his travels in Europe, and his role in the American revolution. The book begins when Franklin retires from business and becomes a gentleman. It was when he became a gentleman, it allowed him to analyze the world around him. “Indeed, he could not drink a cup of tea without wondering why the tea leaves at the bottom gathered in way rather than another,” a quote from Edmund S. Morgan’s book, Benjamin Franklin. Franklin spent a great deal of time in Britain before returning to America. When he returned, he threw himself into the American revolution, which sent him to France. After he accomplished his duties in France, he returned back home to America where he ran for public office.
...e says that people who are depressed have a negative view of themselves, their experiences, and their future. People have negative self-schemas from negative experiences in early childhood.
In psychological research it is important to understand the effects of moderators and mediators to the research being conducted. A moderator is a variable that exists prior to the experiment which affects the reaction of the independent variable on the dependent variable. A mediator is a variable that reduces the significance of the relationship of an independent variable on the dependent variable. A way to understand this concept is to explore specific examples.
Self-esteem has a strong relation to happiness. Low self-esteem is more likely than high to lead to depression under some circumstances. Some studies support the buffer hypothesis, which is that high self-esteem mitigates the effects of stress, but other studies come to the opposite conclusion, indicating that the negative effects of low self-esteem are mainly felt in good times. Still others find that high self-esteem leads to happier outcomes regardless of stress or other circumstances (Baumeister, Campbell, Krueger, & Vohs,
...fs in the earlier theory of ‘learned helplessness’. The reformulated model states: ‘…investigators of human helplessness have become increasingly disenchanted with the adequacy of theoretical constructs…so have we. …We do not know whether these considerations apply to infra-humans’ Seligman’s group admit that their decade in of research in the animal model failed to address the fundamental aspect of human depression. Their second model was primarily based on the “attribution theory” which expounds the human connection between ‘causality’ and ‘events’. The reformulated theory concludes that humans suffering melancholy make internal attributions for lamentable events and are pessimistic towards the future. This model now being a ‘hypothetical construct’ can only be used as an introduction into human depression treatment with deeper research needing to be validated.
"Of two things you can be certain; death and taxes," quoted Benjamin Franklin. Having a humorous outlook on life, Franklin tried to make others' lives better. Benjamin was a man who served others and tried to make the world its best until his death. Benjamin Franklin had many accomplishments. He had a busy and eventful life, he played a major role in defending his country, and he was known for his quotes. Franklin was always working to make something better.
In the article “Do Negative Cognitive Styles Confer Vulnerability to Depression?” by Lauren B. Alloy, Lyn Y. Abramson, and Erika L. Francis, they explain how negative cognitive styles confer vulnerability to depression when people confront negative life experiences. Depression is a serious psychological health disorder, with significant penalties in terms of human distress, lost productivity, and even fatalities. Up to date estimates suggest that 16% of the population will experience an event of depression at some time in their lives. Furthermore, people who experience a major depressive event are at increased risk for future episodes, with each episode significantly increasing risk for following episodes. Given this public health significance, significant research interest has been devoted to understanding essential causes of depression.
Benjamin Franklin was a very prominent figure in shaping our nation. Many people look at him as a role model or just as an amazing individual. He had his faults just like every human being had, and he shouldn’t be discredited because of a few minor glitches to his character. As being the only person that had signed The Declaration of Independence, The Constitution, and the Treaty of Paris, this immediately separates him from all others. One of the things that he wrote about in Benjamin Franklin: The Autobiography and Other Writings, was trying to be the ideal person, and even made a list of virtues to live by. His virtues were very important to his lifestyle, and he followed them to a great extent.
True heroes are noted as those who act with altruistic intentions for the sake of others. Unselfish attempts to improve not just one’s self, but also his society, is impeccably portrayed in the Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Initially proposed for his son, William, Benjamin Franklin reminisces his past struggles and accomplishments in influencing this country. With hopes to educate not only his son but the people of America. Benjamin Franklin recalls his wrongdoings and advises other potential citizens of self-improvement, epitomizing his own life from owning a successful newspaper company to being established in the House. Benjamin Franklin is America’s true hero as he provided opportunities of education, virtue, and improvements for American life.
In simple words, this can suggest that positive outcome expectancy with high standards of performance may be associated with more adaptive consequences and it can even play a protective role in depression. Although the depressed or the experimental group showed more negative and less positive outcome expectancies compared to the non-depressed control group, both groups reported more positive than negative outcome expectancy with high standards of performance. Perfectionism in depression is associated with poor treatment response because depressed individuals continue to perceive perfectionism as positive and helpful more than negative and
‘I can’t handle this.’ And guess what? We don’t handle it well. If I tell myself I won’t have a good time at the party I’m going to, I am likely to behave in ways that generate exactly that reality, eliciting from other people indifferent responses, proving my premise. (“A Course in Self-Esteem” 5)
It is important for us humans to know that we must take full responsibility for our actions and maturely deal with any consequences that those actions may lead to. According to Ryon and Gleason (2013), “the first conceptualization of control was developed in 1966 by Rotter,” which is currently referred to as locus of control. Rotter defined locus of control as “the degree to which an individual expects that a contingent relationship exists between one’s behaviors and outcomes” (Ryon & Gleason, 2013). Fournier and Jeanrie reference Rotter’s study by explaining the two types of locus of control: “external control” and “internal control” (as cited in Rotter, 1966, p. 1). The purpose of Rotter’s theory was to examine “what causes reinforcement” whether it be an intrinsic or extrinsic factor (Kormanik & Rocco, 2009). Rotter measured “people’s general control expectancies” by using what is known as the “Internal-External Locus of Control Scale” (Fournier & Jeanrie, 2003).
O'Grady, M. (2010). Depression History, Depression Vulnerability, and the Experience of Everyday Negative Events. Journal Of Social & Clinical Psychology, 29(9), 949-974.
Due to self-depreciating attitudes and beliefs, the individual tends to have a low internal self-esteem. The individual perceives the physical and cultural characteristics identified
Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That determination depends largely on three factors: distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency. Our perceptions of people differ from our perceptions of inanimate objects.