I. Theoretical part
1- The scope of the study The scope of the study of this research paper sheds light on "cohesion in written media discourse. According to Halliday and Hasan (1976, p.4), cohesion is what gives a text texture. It attempts to give the stretches of language unity and meaning, it occurs where the interpretation of an element in the discourse depends on that of another one and refers to an occurrence of two cohesive linked items. Written media discourse refers to the interactions that happen in different forms of communication such as newspapers, magazines and advertisements. It represents the way of communication between the writer and the reader. Written media discourse is public not private and is oriented to the
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They outline taxonomy of types of cohesive relations which bind a text together. For example, Cohesive relationship on texts is indicated by formal markers like and, but, so and then. Cohesion also may be derived from lexical relationships like hyponymy, part-whole, collocation, by further structural relationships like casual substitution, comparison, by syntactic repetition and so on (as cited in Brown & Yule, 1983, p.190_ p.194). Cohesion can be divided into lexical cohesion and grammatical cohesion:
1-Lexical cohesion The effect of lexical cohesion on a text is great, brilliant and difficult to estimate. Halliday and Hasan (1976) stated "Every lexical item may intro into a cohesive relation, but by itself it carries no indication"(p.288). "This is the cohesive effect achieved by the selection of vocabulary." (p.274). According to Gee (2001), lexical cohesion is what links two sentences together through certain words that are semantically related (Gee, 2001, p.160). For Renkema, lexical cohesion refers to the links between the content words which are used in segments of discourse (Renkema, 2004, p.105) Halliday and Hasan has divided lexical cohesion into reiteration and collocation
1.1
Structure is essential for both literary text and informative text. The informative text provides facts laid out in
First, a brief background in the three dimensions of language discussed throughout this paper. The functional, semantic, or thematic dimensions of language as previously mentioned are often used in parallel with each other. Due, to this fact it is important to be able to identify them as they take place and differentiate between these dimensions i...
Anchor standard 3: Analyze how and why individuals, event, and ideas develop and interact over the course of a text.
The transitional phrases lead the reader into the next paragraph by maintaining their attention with concepts from the previous one.
From what I have discussed above, I assert that a phrase is not only composed by two subphrases sometimes. In addition, a group of subphrases form a higher hierarchical phrase should has the functional utilities. The functional utilities could be accorded with either the process of the development of the music, or echo of two portions. Last but not least, the composer through elaboration, rhythmic diminishing, and overlapping to form phrases to a higher hierarchical phrase.
Linguistic knowledge mainly consists of four parts, and they are Phonology, Morphology, Syntax and Pragmatics. Phonology forms systems and patterns, which allows speakers to produce sounds in order to make meaningful sentence. For example, nt always appears in the middle or at the end of the words but not at the beginning. Morphology studies how words are formed as well as their relationship to other words in the language you know, which allows you to know the internal structure and the category of the word. For example, “undesirability” has four morphemes: un + desire + able + ity. Syntax refers to rules that are used to form a sentence. We have some fixed rules to determine the structure of a sentence such as “S+V+O”. In order to attain the certain effect, however, the sentence structure can change. For example, “I cannot do this thing” can be changed into “Do this thing I cannot” to emphasis the degree of rejection by the word “cannot”. Pragmatics mainly concerned with the use of language in social contexts. For example, “Turn left and you will find the post
The aim of this paper is to achieve better understanding of political communication by critically reviewing Jesper Stromback’s four-dimension concept of mediatisation of politics. The essay is divided into three parts as follows. The first part presents the concepts of mediation and mediatisation, which contribute to the basis of Stromback’s theories. In the second part, the concept of mediatisation of politics by Stromback is deconstructed. With the help of such a concept, political communication can be perceived as a process in which adaptations between politics and media as well as competitions between media logic and political logic are involved in. The final section of the paper points out the limits of Stromback’s concept and further illustrates the extent to which political communication can be better understood. Political communication, in this context, should be conceived of as a process conducted under the functions of different variations beyond the spheres of media and politics.
Text linguistics is a “discipline which analyses the linguistic regularities and constitutive features of texts” (Bussmann, 1996: 1190). According to this definition, text linguistics is mainly concerned with studying the features that every piece of writing should have in order to be considered as a text. It is also defined by Noth (1977 in Al-Massri, 2013:33) as “the branch of linguistics in which the methods of linguistic analysis are extended to the level of text.” This means that text linguistics aims at producing rules and methods that can be used to analyze the whole text. This approach has been put forward by the two scholars Robert-Alain de Beaugrande and Wolfgang U. Dressler in their seminal book “Introduction to Text Linguistics”, in 1981. The study of texts in linguistic studies starts in
The second discourse example was by Enrique whose short story was about a boy who went swimming and got ate by a great white shark. In his discourse sample, he began the story with “one day a boy swimming” which demonstrates that he knows how to correctly begin the story. He also introduces the audience to the little boy, revealing he is aware that there is a character in every story. Although, he is missing the auxiliary verb “went” to create “one day a boy went swimming” he understands that a story consists of a beginning, a character(s), coordinating conjunctions, and a setting. Throughout the story, he demonstrates his knowledge on pronouns because he introduced the character as a boy and referred back to the boy as “he” throughout the whole story. By him referring back to the character as “he”, he is also showing cohesion ties because he is maintaining the reference “he” to the same character. The student uses the coordinating conjunction “but” to join two different phrases “But he sow a grate wite shark. But he was very tiirt the shark ate him” the student uses the conjunction “but” to demonstrate that the boy saw a great white shark but he was too tired to keep swimming, so the shark ate him. In the example sentence, he is missing the conjunction “so” so it could have read “But
How mass media is using both Ideology and Popular Culture to develop societal expectations and social identities. This essay will look at how Ideology, Hegemony, and Popular Cultural Theory shape common values and expectations of society and media’s influence and compare and contrast differing approaches to understanding the relationship between media and society. The discussion will be contextualized through the use of gender roles and expectations, and how these theories develop and affect the female social identity.
Next, we shall evaluate the key features of language which are; communicative, arbitrary, structured, generative, and dynamic. Communicative, language can allow one to interact with another. According to Willingham (2007), the bond found with the elements in language and what they mean is arbitrary. The way language is set up shows how the symbols are not arbitrary. The set up language shows precisely how intricate it can be. Generative, one is able to build countless number of meanings from words. Dynamic, language never stays the same, therefore it can be known as sporadic. According to Willingham (2007), changes are being made all the time as new words get added and as the ways of grammar change. These elements can be quite critical when it comes to language.
Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., & Hyams, N. (2003). An introduction to language (7th ed.). Boston: Heinle.
Media system dependency is a theory that predicts people in society will use media for interpersonal needs and goals. It is researched as a system that allows people to meet these goals through sources of information found in different media forms (Loges & Ball-Rokeach, 1993). While media does help us understand who we are, and possibly what we may be becoming, it can also give us insight to the outside world. Media gives the consumer what is desired, and often that is the intense, hostile, and sometimes hopeless views of the world around us. For example, we watch the news and believe that a particular place isn’t safe because that is what media portrays. With all of these notions media gives us, and our dependency on media, it may be one big cycle of information that gets filtered and changed as the society and culture changes as well. Media dependency is also a concept and will continue to evolve as technology advances and new avenues of media consumption are explored.
In the last two decades, the influence of globalization has been rapidly growing through the use of technology, media, communications, transnational corporations, and advances in social relations. With the increase in social relations and advances in technology, this allows citizens across the world to connect and interact, allowing barriers to break down and slowly emerge. The source we are currently met with and are analyzing, proposes that globalization has a negative impact on identities of human beings. Regarding media, culture, beliefs, systems, judgements, and social interactions, globalization can be seen from both lights, positive and negative since it can help spread innovative ideas but also contribute to the process
The evolution of media has transformed the way we interpret the world around us. It gives us a new perspective by allowing us to interact with one another through the Internet. Media has become much more personal and diverse as user-generated content becomes more prominent in our lives. We are exposed to assorted types of viewpoints that shape our understanding and knowledge of the social world. Moreover, change in technology has brought advancement to transportation methods, which makes it very easy and fast to go long distances than before. It has also brought change in communication, with the development of the mobile phones, where the communication is now more efficient. Technology has also brought changes in education where students can do online courses, take exams, quizzes, do assignments and even discuss with the classmates the related topic of each week as if you were in the actual classroom. The changes of technology play a big part in the media and how it is used. The technological changes made throughout these time periods have made communication and the media widely spread.