An increasing number of research shows that the in group/ out-group relationship between helper and the recipient of assistance (the “helpee”) plays a crucial role in helping (Omoto & Snyder, 2002). Recent research has indicated that people help in-group members not necessarily more than they help out-group members (Saucier, Miller, & Doucet, 2005). However, it has been have been suggested that the reasons for helping out-group members as opposed to in-group members differ substantially (Stürmer et al., 2006). For instance, the significance of perceived self-other similarity and the common bond with the out-group members is an important factor intergroup helping (e.g., Levine et al., 2005). To the extent that people recognize aspects of themselves in the other, the other’s welfare becomes of immediate self-relevance. Especially, when in-group/out-group differences are salient, perceived self-other dissimilarities is likely to invoke negative emotions, such as feelings of anxiety, insecurity, or threat (Pryor et al., 2004). A recent study conducted with German and Muslim participants has indicated that when the target was characterized as an in-group members (similar cultural background), participants showed higher empathic reactions and helping intentions than when the target was an out-group member (different cultural background) (Stürmer et al., 2006). So far, it has been also well documented that relative group status of the individual who needs help appears influential in the potential helper’s decision to help or not to help (Saucier, McManus & Smith, 2010). Several theories such as the justification- suppression model of helping for the expression and experience prejudice (Crandall & Eshleman, 2003), and the arousal: cost-reward model of helping (Piliavin, Dovidio, Gaertner, & Clark, 1981). In the current social system which prohibits overt expression of
Ever pass by Muslim woman in a hijab at the mall or park and think how oppressive and restraining her culture must be? Maysan Haydar, a New York social worker who practices the Muslim tradition of veiling, believes otherwise. In her article, “Veiled Intentions: Don’t Judge a Muslim Girl by Her Covering,” Haydar highlights on her experiences as a Muslim living in an American culture, where showing more skin is the “norm.” Haydar speaks specifically to a crowd who unconsciously makes assumptions about certain Muslim practices, in hopes of sharing the truth behind them. Haydar suggests that, contrary to popular belief, not all Muslim women cover themselves strictly as an “oppressive” religious practice, but that some women, like herself, find
The Effect of Intergroup Contact, Empathy, Cultural Openness, and In-Group Bias on Assertive Bystander Intervention Intentions.”, they discuss how in a bystander effect experiment in which a group of adolescent girls is presented with a name-calling scenario. Instead of perpetuating the situation due to intergroup anxieties they behaved as assertive bystanders because they employed empathy, as stated in the following quote, “…we found that intergroup contact had an indirect effect on assertive bystander intentions via empathy, cultural openness and in-group bias. More specifically, greater intergroup contact was related to higher levels of empathy, higher levels of cultural openness and reduced intergroup bias, which in turn were associated with greater assertive bystander intentions.” The presence of empathy allowed the girls to understand the position and perspective of the immigrant being called names. This exemplifies the progressive direction groups of future generations are moving toward, acting on information and understanding, rather than biased emotion. The one limitation in adding bystanders to cause positive effects seems to be around surveys or feedback, such as on social media like Facebook, Instagram or twitter. In their article, “Leverage Between the Buffering Effect and the Bystander Effect in Social Networking.”, Yu-Ping Chiu and Shu-Chen Chang discuss how when one reaches a certain
Rutkowski and colleagues (1983) showed that group size only decreased helping where bystanders were unacquainted, but facilitated helping where there was high cohesion and acquainted individuals. This can be explained as groups being more likely to conform to the social responsibility norm of helping when there is high group cohesion (Rutkowski et al., 1983). Additional evidence provided by Levine and Crowther (2008) showed that group size encouraged intervention in emergency situations when bystanders were acquaintances. Moreover, Levine and Crowther (2008) found that where bystanders and victims share a salient social category membership, group size could increase helping (Levine & Crowther, 2008; Swann et al., 2015). Drawing on the self-categorisation theory, the results support that individuals are more able to empathise when their identity is attached and fused to their group membership. Consequently, salient group-based identity would increase a bystander’s likelihood of intervening. These studies show that Latane and Darley’s finding that groups reduce helping behaviour is not conclusive. Instead, there are implications that the effects of groups depend on situational factors and the importance of the group to
42). Dialogue and conversation will increase the likelihood of accepting social responsibility and providing outreach. Understanding the team dynamics of outreach can also increase the likely hood of positive outcomes. Perception and the interpretation of self and other people will impact our relationships and behaviors with other people. Sensitive to cultural differences such as receiving soft versus hard commands at work from ethnic supervisors. A young individual develops views of self and self in the community, then emerges the lifelong fight for independence and
The basis for this concept, begins with the causes of prejudice. While there are many causes that relate to prejudice, the context ...
The World’s Religions by Huston Smith is a novel based on the different religions found around the world. The main area of focus within this book was to expand the knowledge of different cultures and their religions. The chapters that were specified to focus on include Islam, Judaism, Christianity and the Primal Religions. Go into detail about each religion. Smith goes into great detail about each religion, concentrating on the teachings and essential elements of each religion, important people that helped form the religion, and traditions. He specifically discusses how these three religions are very similar rather then how different they are, with the main studies on Moses, Jesus, and Mohammad. Finally he discusses the Primal Religions – meaning the traditions that are passed down through oral communication.
The Koran's Attitude Towards Women. The Koran is a book about the religion of the Muslim people. In it, many aspects of their ways of life and their attitudes towards different people are addressed. It mentions the strong feelings of the true believers towards Jews and Christians, however it gives a view of women that is taken two ways.
Jr., Bernard E. Whitley and Mary E. Kite. The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination. Belmont: Cengage Learning, 2010. Web.
...though the researchers weren’t looking for it, he results represent ideas that can help the bystander effect in a situation. Smaller numbers increase the percentage of realization when it comes down to an emergency. The victim, if cohesive, actually plays a big role in causing the bystander effect as well. When a victim is unable to verbally communicate with bystanders, it lessens the chance of help. If a victim is capable of communicating, the help given could be more efficient. This is because it can help break the diffusion of responsibility. A victim looking a bystander directly in the eyes can even spark a quicker reaction in them. These are all ideas that psychologists still study today, and many even consider learning about this phenomenon a requirement.
Cultures that favor generous, supportive and cooperative behavior promote these responses by reinforcing prosocial behavior. People who are cooperative are also more likely to come to the aid of people in distress. Several of the factors that promote cooperation such as personally adjustment, cognitive level, imitation, and cultural background also affect generosity and helpfulness.
Those in collectivist cultures value their group membership, respect group processes and decisions, and expect other in-group members to look after or protect them in case of needs or crisis. For them, keeping good and harmonious relationships inside their in-group is a priority; and avoiding loss of face is important. Their identity is based on the strong and cohesive in-groups to which they belong. In collectivist cultures, cooperation is high within in-groups, but is unlikely when the other person belongs to an out-group. As a comparison, people in individualist cultures are good at forming new in-groups and getting along with those from out-groups.
Thomas, George and C. Daniel Batson. “Effect of Helping Under Normative Pressure on Self-Perceived Altruism.” Social Psychology Quarterly 44.2 (1981): 127-131. Web. 5 Feb. 2012
Some characteristics in this study are worthy of featuring its strength. One of the strengths is providing a new insight in bystander effect. The study argued that researchers have previously neglected the potential benefit of bystanders and thus, the study provided a new horizon by proving reversed bystander effect through experiment. This allows us to be aware of the fact that someone may be providing help merely due to impression management. This arouses a doubt on whether the one who provides help is genuinely concerning a...
The bystander effect is a social phenomenon, whereby individuals are less likely to help when others are present. This emerged following the murder of Kitty Genovese, 1964. Manning, Levine and Collins (2007) state, ‘this iconic event focused research attention on the psychology of helping and how groups act as impediments to helping.’ (pp. 555). Theorists argue the more bystanders, the less likely people help. Arguably, one cause of the bystander effect is diffusion of responsibility, this is the idea that when a task is presented before a larger group,
While people in the west think that women in Islam are oppressed, they do not know that Islam liberated women from oppression. There are many people who have opinions about the religion of Islam, but mostly about the women who follow it. Westerners have this idea that women in Islam are disrespected, mistreated and oppressed. In actuality, these allegations are incorrect. Women in Islam have rights and are not oppressed. The veil is widely misunderstood and many do not know what it represents. In many ways, men and women are equal as much as they are not; and this is in every religion.