Community acquired pneumonia (CAP), caused by viruses, ‘typical’ respiratory bacteria (as Streptococcus pneumoniae) or ‘atypical’ respiratory bacteria (as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae) is a frequent local infection in childhood (39). Pneumonia is the important cause of fatality for children around the world, accounting for about 30 percent of all childhood death. A particular pathogen is not identified in most cases, but both viruses, mainly respiratory syncytial and influenza virus, and bacteria, especially S. pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, are significant pathogens(40). Numerous bacteria and viruses and their mixtures can cause this infection, but there is an absence of speedy and commercially accessible diagnostic …show more content…
Microbe-specific diagnosis, based on culture of blood, fluid or samples obtained directly from the focus of infection in the lungs, is possible only in a small minority of CAP cases. In papers published over the last 15 to 20 years, serological tests based on antigen, antibody and immune complex detection have been used for microbe-specific diagnosis of CAP in children (39, 43). Several studies are available describing the detection of lower respiratory infection etiology using PTC as a marker. Finding of these studies are not in agreement. Moulin F et al. described PCT concentration, with a threshold of 1 μg/l is more sensitive and specific and has greater positive and negative prognostic values than CRP, IL-6, or WBC cell count for differentiating bacterial and viral causes of community pneumonia in untreated children declared to hospital as emergency cases(44). The results of Toikka P et al. study indicated the quantity of serum PCT, CRP and IL-6 has little value in the differentiation of bacterial and viral pneumonia in children. However, in some patients with very high serum PCT, CRP or IL-6 values, bacterial pneumonia is feasible(45). Annick
Addie acquired Stenotrophomonas bacterial infection in the hospital. She acquired it from the tubes of the lung bypass machine ECMO which doctors used to try and support her respiration after her
Hospital-acquired infections (HAI) are preventable and pose a threat to hospitals and patients; increasing the cost, nominally and physically, for both. Pneumonia makes up approximately 15% of all HAI and is the leading cause of nosocomial deaths. Pneumonia is most frequently caused by bacterial microorganisms reaching the lungs by way of aspiration, inhalation or the hematogenous spread of a primary infection. There are two categories of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP); Health-Care Associated Pneumonia (HCAP) and Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).
Croup: Croup is another common airway inflammation caused by virus that can affect the trachea, larynx and possibility the bronchi (Murray, Sidani, & Zoorob, 2011) thus causing infection in the upper respiratory tract. Murray et al. describes it as the most common illness in children under the age of 6 to 36 months and cause for cough mostly when a child cries; acute stridor and hoarseness in febrile children (Murray et al., 2011). It can be a life-threatening situation in the life of the young infant and the family. Croup symptoms exhibit as hoarseness, barking cough, inspiratory stridor, and respiratory distress. I chose this diagnosis as my first preference because when I read the mother’s subjective report it matches that of croup symptoms: a barking cough, no fever, severe at night and when the baby cries, fatigue due to excessiveness of the tears, pain due to inflames and swollen of the airway. Murray et al., led us to understand that the etiologies of this viral causing agent can be traced to the parainfluenza viruses, type 1. (2011). This virus is commonly spread through contact or droplet secretion.
My disease is Streptococcal pneumonia or pneumonia is caused by the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus pneumoniae is present in human’s normal flora, which normally doesn’t cause any problems or diseases. Sometimes though when the numbers get too low it can cause diseases or upper respiratory tract problems or infections (Todar, 2008-2012). Pneumonia caused by this pathogen has four stages. The first one is where the lungs fill with fluid. The second stage causes neutrophils and red blood cells to come to the area which are attracted by the pathogen. The third stage has the neutrophils stuffed into the alveoli in the lungs causing little bacteria to be left over. The fourth stage of this disease the remaining residue in the lungs are take out by the macrophages. Aside from these steps pneumonia follows, if the disease should persist further, it can get into the blood causing a systemic reaction resulting in the whole body being affected (Ballough). Some signs and symptoms of this disease are, “fever, malaise, cough, pleuritic chest pain, purulent or blood-tinged sputum” (Henry, 2013). Streptococcal pneumonia is spread through person-to-person contact through aerosol droplets affecting the respiratory tract causing it to get into the human body (Henry, 2013).
Craven , D., & Hjalmarson, K. (2010). Ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis and pneumonia: thinking outside the box. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication Of The Infectious Diseases Society Of America , 1, p.S59-66. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?sid=44b983f2-9b91-407c-a053-fd8507d9a657@sessionmgr4002&vid=9&hid=116&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ==
Smith brings his 4-year-old to your office with chief complaints of right ear pain, sneezing, mild cough, and low-grade fever of 100 degrees for the last 72 hours. Today, the child is alert, cooperative, and well hydrated. You note a mildly erythemic throat with no exudate, both ears mild pink tympanic membrane with good movement, lungs clear. You diagnose an acute upper respiratory infection, probably viral in nature. Mr. Smith is states that the family is planning a trip out of town starting tomorrow and would like an antibiotic just in case.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 49(3), 438-443. Doi:10.1086/600391. See full address and map. Medicare.gov/Hospital Compare - The Official U.S. Government Site for Medicare (n.d).
According to the World Health Organization, “of the 75 million children under five in Africa a million and a half die each year of pneumonia.” As distressing and sad as this statistic is, it points out the great danger pneumococcus still is to young people in the developing world. It’s in the developed world, but at a time before antibiotics, at a time when acute respiratory ailments posed an even greater but still preventable threat to the younger set that concerns us here and that inspires a deeper look at the full implications of respiratory disease. The WHO goes on to say that acute respiratory infection (ARI) “is one of five conditions which account for more than 70% of child mortality in Africa.” So not only is pneumonia prevalent, it is still deadly. The danger it poses to young people has life-influencing ramifications, ones with an incredible emotional content. Though more treatable now, as we’ll see later, the persistence of pneumonia fits in with the puzzle as it presents itself, since it is linkable to a much more fundamental human ailment.
Liam is a previously healthy boy who has experienced rhinorrhoea, intermittent cough, and poor feeding for the past four days. His positive result of nasopharyngeal aspirate for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) indicates that Liam has acute bronchiolitis which is a viral infection (Glasper & Richardson, 2010). “Bronchiolitis is the commonest reason for admission to hospital in the first 6 months of life. It describes a clinical syndrome of cough tachypnoea, feeding difficulties and inspiratory crackles on chest auscultation” (Fitzgerald, 2011, p.160). Bronchiolitis can cause respiratory distress and desaturation (91% in the room air) to Liam due to airway blockage; therefore the infant appears to have nasal flaring, intercostal and subcostal retractions, and tachypnoea (54 breathes/min) during breathing (Glasper & Richardson, 2010). Tachycardia (152 beats/min) could occur due to hypoxemia and compensatory mechanism for low blood pressure (74/46mmHg) (Fitzgerald, 2011; Glasper & Richardson, 2010). Moreover, Liam has fever and conjunctiva injection which could be a result of infection, as evidenced by high temperature (38.6°C) and bilateral tympanic membra...
This patient is a 62-year-old female who required inpatient hospitalization due to right-sided empyema questionable secondary to community-acquired pneumonia versus aspiration pneumonia. Ms. W was transferred patient from Mercy Folsom for her right-sided empyema to the Emergency Department. She presented to Mercy Folsom with 4-weeks history of shortness of breath and cough as well as chest pain. She went to her primary care physician, and she was given Z-Pak at that time but her symptoms were not resolving. A chest x-ray was done, and she was informed that there was no evidence of pneumonia. Then, she was given cough medication and inhaler for possible COPD, but her symptoms were still not improving. She went again to her primary care physician
Pneumonia can also become a hospital acquired infection. Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a type of lung infection that occurs in a person who has been on a ventilator.... ... middle of paper ... ...
Friedman JF, Lee GM, Kleinman KP, Finkelstein JA. "Acute Care and Antibiotic Seeking for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections for Children in Day Care: Parental Knowledge and Day Care Center Policies." JAMA Pediatrics 157.4 (2003): 369-374. .
This generality of symptoms leads many primary care providers to not check for pertussis on a regular basis. Inconsistencies in screening can lead to a large number of cases being undiagnosed and untreated. In order for correct identification of pertussis, microbiological confirmation is needed. This correctly establishes the diagnosis of B. pertussis infection as well as identifies the diagnosis for public health surveillance and for outbreak investigations. Bacterial culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are the most useful clinical tools for patients with a cough duration shorter than four weeks. If the cough has been longer than four weeks, serology is the test of choice (Cornia & Lipsky,
Primary tuberculosis is the initial infection of the host, usually being mild and asymptomatic. A healthy person recently infected with the mycobacterium may exhibit flu-like symptoms and has no reason to suspect tuberculosis. Left untreated, the bacilli infect and multiply within pulmonary alveolar macrophages, migrating to the hilar lymph nodes. An immune response is exhibited by the T-helper cells, and inflammation develops at multiple sites. A person may test positive in the tuberculin skin test at this point, and a chest x-ray may shows opacities in the lungs.
Ford-Jones, E. L., & Kellner, J. D. (1995). " CHEAP TORCHES": An acronym for congenital and perinatal infections. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 14(7), 638-639.